Field evaluation of a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of canine echinococcosis in a rural Andean village in Peru     

Lopera L  Moro PL  Chavez A  Montes G  Gonzales A  Gilman RH 《Veterinary parasitology》2003,117(1-2):37-42

One hundred and six dogs (61 males and 45 females) were examined for Echinococcus granulosus infection in a farming cooperative in the central highlands of Peru during November 1998. Canine echinococcosis was diagnosed using direct microscopic examinations of purged feces following arecoline purging and a coproantigen-detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for E. granulosus. Mean age was 2 years with a range of 3 months to 9 years. The overall prevalence of canine echinococcosis using the ELISA test was 79% (84/106). Seventy-four dogs were successfully purged with arecoline. The frequency of canine echinococcosis was 82 (61/74) and 34% (25/74) by the coproantigen ELISA test and arecoline purging, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the coproantigen ELISA test was 88 and 95%, respectively. We found this assay to be especially advantageous in remote geographical areas. In future control programs against echinococcosis in Peru and other areas where E. granulosus is endemic the coproantigen ELISA should be used for the surveillance of the dog population.  相似文献   

Survival of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in sterilized poultry litter     

Lopes VC  Velayudhan B  Halvorson DA  Nagaraja KV 《Avian diseases》2002,46(4):1011-1014

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) has been associated with respiratory disease, increased mortality, retarded growth, and decreased egg production in chickens and turkeys. Surveillance of exposure to ORT infection in the field has shown that prevalence of the infection is higher during winter months. The ability of ORT to remain viable in the poultry litter was studied at different temperatures over time. Presterilized poultry litter was inoculated with 10(11) colony-forming units of ORT and kept at -12 C, 4 C, 22 C, 37 C, and 42 C. Reisolation and titration of ORT from litter was attempted at intervals. Results indicate that ORT survived for 1 day at 37 C, 6 days at 22 C, 40 days at 4 C, and at least 150 days at -12 C. ORT did not survive 24 hr at 42 C. The survival of ORT at lower temperatures may be associated with the higher incidence of ORT infection in poultry during winter months.  相似文献   

Oestrogen-induced bone marrow aplasia in a dog with a Sertoli cell tumour     

Sanpera N  Masot N  Janer M  Romeo C  de Pedro R 《The Journal of small animal practice》2002,43(8):365-369

A 10-year-old male Drahthaar dog with unilateral cryptorchidism was examined because of feminisation and myelotoxicity. Radiography and ultrasonography revealed an abdominal mass which was surgically removed. The mass was identified as a Sertoli cell tumour on histological examination. Findings on bone marrow examination were compatible with aplasia due to the oestrogens secreted by the tumoral cells. Treatment with fluids, antibiotics, whole blood transfusions, corticosteroids and lithium carbonate was unsuccessful. Survival time was 22 days after surgery.  相似文献   

Evaluation of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of serum antibodies in sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus     

Kittelberger R  Reichel MP  Jenner J  Heath DD  Lightowlers MW  Moro P  Ibrahem MM  Craig PS  O'Keefe JS 《Veterinary parasitology》2002,110(1-2):57-76

The aim of this study was to develop an immunological method for the identification of sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus which would allow the monitoring of animals imported into countries free from hydatidosis and as an aid to countries where control schemes for the disease are in operation. Three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed and validated, using as antigen either a purified 8 kDa hydatid cyst fluid protein (8kDaELISA), a recombinant EG95 oncosphere protein (OncELISA) or a crude protoscolex preparation (ProtELISA). Sera used for the assay validations were obtained from 249 sheep infected either naturally or experimentally with E. granulosus and from 1012 non-infected sheep. The highest diagnostic sensitivity was obtained using the ProtELISA at 62.7 and 51.4%, depending on the cut-off. Assay sensitivities were lower for the 8kDaELISA and the OncELISA. Diagnostic specificities were high, ranging from 95.8 to 99.5%, depending on the ELISA type and cut-off level chosen. A few sera from 39 sheep infected with T. hydatigena and from 19 sheep infected with T. ovis were recorded as positive. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that the dominant antigenic components in the crude protoscolex antigen preparation were macromolecules of about 70-150 kDa, most likely representing polysaccharides. This study demonstrated that the ProtELISA was the most effective immunological method of those assessed for detection of infection with E. granulosus in sheep. Because of its limited diagnostic sensitivity of about 50-60%, it should be useful for the detection of the presence of infected sheep on a flock basis and cannot be used for reliable identification of individual animals infected with E. granulosus.  相似文献   

Use of spatial statistics and monitoring data to identify clustering of bovine tuberculosis in Argentina   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Perez AM  Ward MP  Torres P  Ritacco V 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2002,56(1):63-74

The spatial distribution of endemic bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Argentine cattle herds was described using recorded information on the detection of TB-like lesions in cattle slaughtered between March 1995 and 1997 at 126 slaughterhouses with federal inspection. Approximately, 47% (9472396 cattle) of the estimated total number of cattle slaughtered in Argentina during this period was included in the study. Information on the number of cattle per source herd consigned to slaughter, number of cattle with TB-like lesions per herd and the geographical location of counties from which cattle originated was used to investigate spatial clustering of TB. Overall, no evidence of clustering of TB prevalence by county was detected (Moran's autocorrelation statistic I=0.009, P=0.089). However, first- (Cuzick and Edwards' test statistic, T(k)=87, P=0.036) and second-order (T(k)=170, P=0.038) nearest-neighbor case-counties (TB prevalence>median prevalence of all counties, 6.7%) were clustered. Using the spatial scan test based on a Bernoulli model, the most-likely cluster (P=0.001) identified during the study period included 5793 cases of TB (5.2 per 1000 km(2)) in five counties. This cluster coincided with Santa Fe Province, which contains 21% of all dairy cows in Argentina and accounts for 34% of the country's milk production. Several secondary clusters of TB-also located in dairy districts-were identified. Study results demonstrate that bovine TB is clustered in Argentina, and these clusters coincide with dairy cattle production. Identification of clustering can assist efforts to eradicate bovine TB from Argentina. Further spatial investigations need to focus on the reasons why TB is clustered in Argentina. In particular, the relationship between TB clustering and management practices-such as grazing density and production systems-need to be described to assist in the development of disease-control programs. The use of spatial statistics and geographical information systems could meet these needs.  相似文献   

Field and laboratory selection of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) for resistance to insecticides     

Espinosa PJ  Bielza P  Contreras J  Lacasa A 《Pest management science》2002,58(9):920-927

Response of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), to selection for resistance to insecticides commonly used to control this pest in Murcia (south-east Spain) was studied under field and laboratory conditions. In the field, plots within sweet pepper crops in commercial and experimental greenhouses were treated under different selection strategies: insecticide rotation versus formetanate reiteration, formetanate reiteration versus acrinathrin reiteration, and formetanate reiteration versus methiocarb reiteration. Thrips populations were sampled monthly and bioassayed against methiocarb, methamidophos, acrinathrin, endosulfan, deltamethrin and formetanate. In the laboratory, F occidentalis strains were selected against each insecticide for several generations. To evaluate cross-resistance, each selected strain was bioassayed with the other insecticides. Frankliniella occidentalis populations showed a rapid development of acrinathrin resistance, reaching high levels in field and laboratory conditions. Formetanate and methiocarb resistance were also observed, although development was slower and at moderate levels. Cross-resistances between acrinathrin/deltamethrin and acrinathrin/formetanate were detected under field and laboratory conditions. Formetanate/methiocarb cross-resistance was suspected in laboratory selections, but not in field assays. Simultaneous moderate resistance levels to the three specific insecticides against thrips (formetanate, methiocarb and acrinathrin) were shown in laboratory selection strains, indicating a general mechanism of resistance, probably metabolic.  相似文献   

Assessment of relevant factors and relationships concerning human dermal exposure to pesticides in greenhouse applications     

Martínez Vidal JL  Egea González FJ  Garrido Frenich A  Martínez Galera M  Aguilera PA  López Carrique E 《Pest management science》2002,58(8):784-790

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the gas chromatographic data obtained from 23 different greenhouse trials. This was used to establish which factors, including application technique (very small, small, medium and large drop-size), crop characteristics (short/tall, thin/dense) and pattern application of the operator (walking towards or away from the treated area) are relevant to the dermal exposure levels of greenhouse applicators. The results showed that the highest exposure by pesticides during field applications in greenhouses, in the climatic conditions and in the crop conditions typical of a southern European country, occurs on the lower legs and front thighs of the applicators. Similar results were obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Drop-size seems to be very important in determining total exposure, while height and density of crops have little influence on total exposure under the conditions of the present study. No pesticide type is a major factor in total exposure. The application of multiple regression analysis (MRA) allowed assessment of the relationships between the pesticide exposure of the less affected parts of the body with the most affected parts.  相似文献   

Outer membrane proteins for serologic detection of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in turkeys     

Lopes V  Rajashekara G  Back A  Shaw DP  Halvorson DA  Nagaraja KV 《Avian diseases》2000,44(4):957-962

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a bacterium responsible for a respiratory disease in turkeys and chickens and has been identified as one of the emerging respiratory bacterial pathogens. The clinical signs and lesions caused by ORT are very similar to those caused by other respiratory infectious agents; therefore, an accurate diagnostic test is necessary to identify the infection. In this study, we have investigated the use of outer membrane proteins of ORT in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the exposure to ORT infection. Outer membrane proteins of ORT were extracted and used as an antigen in ELISA to detect infection in turkeys exposed to different serotypes of ORT. The ELISA results were compared with the conventional serum plate agglutination test. The agglutination test detected specific antibodies for ORT in 65% of experimentally infected turkeys during the first 2 wk of infection. The ELISA detected up to 100% of infected birds for 8 wk postinfection. The results suggest that ELISA is able to detect the exposure to ORT in later stages of the infection and this assay can be used in serologic surveillance of ORT infection for poultry in the field.  相似文献   

Alternative low doses and routes of administering a prostaglandin F2�� analogue to induce luteolysis in Nelore cows     

Cezinande Meira  Valsair Matos Pessoa  Jo?o Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira  Gustavo Henrique M. Araujo  Marilu M. Gioso  Sony Dimas Bicudo  Eunice Oba  Cassia Orlandi 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2006,7(4):387-390

The present study was conducted in order to verify the efficacy of lower doses and alternative routes of a prostaglandin F2α analogue, luprostiol (PGF), for the induction of luteolysis and the precipitation of estrus in nonlactating Nelore cows (Bos taurus indicus). A conventional dose (15 mg) of PGF was compared to doses lower than the conventional dose, which ranges from 10 to 50%, that were administered intramuscularly (IM), intravulvosubmucosally (IVSM), or in the Bai-hui acupuncture site located within the lumbosacral area. The cows were administered PGF 8 day after estrus in the presence of a corpus luteum, and randomly assigned to the following groups: G1 (positive control), 15 mg, IM (n = 23); G2, 7.5 mg, IM (n = 23); G3, 3.75 mg, IM (n = 24); G4, 7.5 mg, IVSM (n = 25); G5, 3.75 mg, Bai-hui acupoint (n = 24); and G6, 1.5 mg, Bai-hui acupoint (n = 25). The results indicated that 50% of a conventional dose of PGF (7.5 mg) resulted in a complete luteal regression (plasma progesterone <1 ng/ml) at Hour 48, and hastened estrus, regardless of whether or not PGF was administered IM or IVSM. Comparatively, 10 or 25% of the conventional dose, even when administered to the Bai-hui acupoint, resulted in an initial reduction in the concentration of progesterone at Hour 24, followed by an increase observed at Hour 48. In conclusion, 25% of a conventional PGF dose administered via the Bai-hui acupoint proved inadequate to induce a complete luteal regression, whereas 50% of a conventional dose administered IM or IVSM was found to be the minimal dose required to induce effectively a complete luteal regression, and to precipitate the onset of estrus in nonlactating Nelore cows.  相似文献   

Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tiago Pedreira dos Santos  Carlos M. Lopes  M. Lucília Rodrigues  Claudia R. de Souza  Jorge M. Ricardo-da-Silva  João P. Maroco  João S. Pereira  M. Manuela Chaves 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007

The grapevine plays a very important role in the economic, social and cultural sectors of many regions; however vineyards are often grown in regions under stressful conditions and thus they are vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation on vine water relations, vegetative growth, plant microclimate, berry composition and yield components, compared to conventional deficit irrigation (DI, 50% ETc), full irrigation (FI, 100% of ETc) and non-irrigated vines (NI). The study was undertaken in mature ‘Moscatel’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Pegões, South of Portugal. Compared to the other irrigated treatments, PRD vines showed a better microclimate at the cluster zone with higher incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Within the more open canopies of NI and PRD treatments, berry temperatures were higher than those of denser ones (DI and FI). Compared to the conventional irrigation technique the better microclimate observed in PRD vines was a consequence of a reduction in vine growth, where lower values of leaf layer number, leaf area, canopy wideness, water shoots and shoot weight were observed. In PRD vines we observed a tendency to a development of a deeper root system, while DI and FI showed a more homogeneous root distribution throughout the different soil layers. PRD showed an improvement in berry quality with higher values of flavour precursors, and total phenols concentration without any significant yield reduction compared to DI and FI.  相似文献