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31.
Following the publication of the New Rural Paradigm (NRP) in 2006, the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) undertook a number of national rural policy reviews for member countries between 2006 and 2009. These reviews were paid for by the nation being reviewed and were structured to assess how well the national policy followed the guidelines of the NRP. International agencies, including the OECD, are seen as being well positioned to encourage policy transfer, and one might think that countries wishing to be reviewed would have adopted the NRP. We examine the set of reviews to determine which elements of the NRP were commonly adopted and which were not. While it may seem that the interval between 2006 and the time of the reviews is too short to expect much change, the ideas underpinning the NRP have their origins in OECD rural policy analysis that began in the late 1980s. Over 20 years, the OECD philosophy of rural development has evolved to parallel the academic research literature in endorsing “bottom‐up” investment‐oriented policies that engage a broad set of actors. Yet, just as academic research seems to have little impact on actual rural policy, so too there is limited evidence that countries fully adopt the NRP. Explaining why this lack of impact is the case is beyond the scope of the paper, but our results reinforce the challenges facing any effort to alter current rural policy. 相似文献
32.
Eugenio Faroni Silvia Sabattini Dina Guerra Chiara Iannuzzi Carmit Chalfon Chiara Agnoli Damiano Stefanello Gerry Polton Sofia Ramos Marina Aralla Raffaele Ciaccini Armando Foglia Samuel Okonji Laura Marconato 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2023,21(1):123-130
Timely delivery of adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to be advantageous in many human cancers and canine osteosarcoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to improve outcome for canine splenic hemangiosarcoma. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate whether timely adjuvant chemotherapy administration resulted in better outcome in dogs with non-metastatic splenic hemangiosarcoma undergoing splenectomy. Medical records were searched for dogs with non-metastatic, splenic hemangiosarcoma that received splenectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. The number of days from surgery to the first chemotherapy dose (StoC) was evaluated to identify the cut-off value associated with the best survival advantage. StoC and other possible prognostic factors were tested for influence on time to metastasis (TTM) and overall survival (OS). Seventy dogs were included. Median StoC was 20 days (range: 4–70). The time interval associated with the greatest survival benefit was 21 days. Median TTM and OS of dogs with StoC ≤ 21 days were significantly longer than those with StoC >21 days (TTM: 163 vs. 118 days, p = .001; OS: 238 vs. 146 days, p < .001). On multivariable analysis, StoC >21 days was the only variable significantly associated with increased risk of tumour progression (HR 2.1, p = .010) and death (HR 2.3; p = .008). Starting adjuvant chemotherapy within 21 days of surgery may be associated with a survival benefit in dogs with non-metastatic splenic hemangiosarcoma, possibly due to the early targeting of newly recruited metastatic cells after surgery. 相似文献
33.
Dario D'Ovidio Giacomo Rossi Raffaele Melidone Francesca Menna Alessandro Fioretti 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2012,21(3):238-242
A 6-year-old spayed female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) exhibiting clinical signs of weakness, anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, and frequent urination was presented for a veterinary evaluation to determine the underlying cause of the aforementioned abnormal behavior and clinical condition. Physical examination revealed a large, firm, painless, movable subcutaneous mass at the base of the tail. Radiographic and ultrasound images confirmed the presence of a soft tissue mass compressing the sacrococcygeal vertebrae, but there was no evidence of metastatic lesions. Because of the poor prognosis and progressive deterioration of the animal's clinical condition, the ferret was humanely euthanized. Gross necropsy revealed a 4 × 4 × 3.5 cm, firm, yellow-tan, ovoid, subcutaneous mass wrapped around the rectum and the anus. The mass did not appear to breach the serosa. Evaluation of the abdominal cavity revealed a pale yellow liver, possibly associated with hepatic lipidosis with no gross evidence of metastasis in the body cavity. The histopathological features of the mass were consistent with a liposarcoma. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of subcutaneous liposarcoma reported in a ferret. 相似文献
34.
Wood Extraction with Farm Tractor and Sulky: Estimating Productivity, Cost and Energy Consumption 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
A winch and a sulky can transform a farm tractor into an effective small-scale logging machine, closely resembling a wheeled
cable skidder. The additional cost of these implements is very small, but they offer significant benefits when extracting
timber under the conditions of small-scale forestry. The authors developed a productivity model for skidding timber with wheeled
farm tractors, equipped with winch and sulky. The origin data pool contained over 300 individual skidding cycles, extracted
from 8 separate tests. Statistical analysis of the data allowed calculating a simple mathematical relationship for estimating
skidding productivity as a function of significant work conditions, such as: piece size, winching distance, tractor power,
skidding distance and crew size. This model can provide useful directions to prospective users, contributing to operation
planning, costing and optimization. It can predict a large proportion of the variability in the data and was successfully
validated using reserved cycle records, extracted from the same data pool and not used for model development. Depending on
tractor power and piece size, the average turn volume and productivity can exceed respectively 2 m3 per cycle and 4 m3 per Scheduled Machine Hour (SMH). Top performance can reach 8 m3 SMH−1, with heavy tractors and large logs. 相似文献
35.
Raffaele Peluso Aida Raio Fabio Morra Astolfo Zoina 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(4):291-300
Physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains isolated in Italy from different host plants were analysed. Diseased plants were collected from several nurseries located in nine different regions. Out of 1293 strains isolated from 12 fruit tree and six ornamental plant species, a group of 120 strains was chosen as representative of the whole collection. The majority of the strains were biovar 2 (82.5%), agrocin 84 sensitive, and were isolated from stone fruit trees. Most of the strains identified as biovar 1 were isolated from ornamental plants and were insensitive to A. radiobacter antagonistic strain K84. Some strains that were isolated from Euonymus spp, Prunus GF 677 and Pyrus communis (pear) OHF tumours could not be allocated to any of the three Agrobacterium biovars. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the rrs gene plus the intergenic spacer was used for strain fingerprinting and characterisation. Results showed a wide genetic variability within the biovar 1 strains and homogeneity within the biovar 2 group. Biovar 2 strains from Sardinia were highly variable and differed from the biovar 2 strains isolated from the other regions of Italy. 相似文献
36.
Raffaele Lafortezza Giuseppe Carrus Giovanni Sanesi Clive Davies 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2009,8(2):97-108
In urban environments, green spaces have proven to act as ameliorating factors of some climatic features related to heat stress, reducing their effects and providing comfortable outdoor settings for people. In addition, green spaces have demonstrated greater capacity, compared with built-up areas, for promoting human health and well-being. In this paper, we present results of a study conducted in Italy and the UK with the general goal to contribute to the theoretical and empirical rationale for linking green spaces with well-being in urban environments. Specifically, the study focused on the physical and psychological benefits and the general well-being associated with the use of green spaces on people when heat stress episodes are more likely to occur. A questionnaire was set up and administered to users of selected green spaces in Italy and the UK (n=800). Results indicate that longer and frequent visits of green spaces generate significant improvements of the perceived benefits and well-being among users. These results are consistent with the idea that the use of green spaces could alleviate the perception of thermal discomfort during periods of heat stress. 相似文献
37.
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39.
Raffaele Ciferri Fiorella Ciferri 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1954,1(4):329-339
Summary The problem of grading of fresh cacao beans for breeding and for taxonomic purpose is discussed. Seven grades are based on the color of transversal cutting of the cotyledons in fully mature beans, and the colors (plate) refer to color standards, namely:Grade 7 attributed to the true Criollos (two types and hybrid) as well as to Porcelain (with a short discussion on this cacao);Grade 6 to the Commerical Criollos (Almost-Criollos);Grade 5 to the Superior Forastero, chiefly Venezuelan Forastero;Grade 4 to the Average Forastero, typified with the Trinitarian Forastero;Grade 3 to the Low grade Forastero, probably corresponding to the Orinocan Forastero;Grade 2 attributed to the Almost Calabacillo (in part corresponding to the Amazonian Forastero);Grade 1 for true Calabacillo. Several examples of cacao grading for regions of Venezuela (and elsewere) and for the kind of cacao are selected, with an example of the yearly fluctuation of the grade in the same tree or cacao. The pod grade value (P.G.V.) as weighted average, is discussed.With one plate 相似文献
40.
Visual experience modifies distribution of horizontally and vertically oriented receptive fields in cats 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Cats were raised from birth with one eye viewing horizontal lines and one eye viewing vertical lines. Elongated receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex were horizontally or vertically oriented-no oblique fields were found. Units with horizontal fields were activated only by the eye exposed to horizontal lines; units with vertical fields only by the eye exposed to vertical lines. 相似文献