A Simple PCR Procedure to Detect White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) of Shrimp, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penaeus monodon</Emphasis> (Fabricious)     

A.S. Sahul?HameedEmail author  V.?Parameswaran  S. Syed?Musthaq  R.?Sudhakaran  G.?Balasubramanian  K.?Yoganandhan 《Aquaculture International》2005,13(5):441-450

A non-stop, single tube and semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with simple procedure was developed for simultaneous detection and grading the level of white spot syndrome infection in penaeid shrimp, Penaeus monodon. In this PCR procedure, three sense primers and one antisense primer with uniform annealing temperature of 55 °C were used. These primers amplify three PCR products (500, 300 and 200 base pairs [bp]) depending upon the severity of infection. Quantities of WSSV-DNA at 10 pg and greater gave three PCR products of 500, 300, 200 bp. A moderate concentration of WSSV-DNA, around 100 fg, gave two products of 300 and 200 bp and a low concentration of 1 fg or more gave only one PCR product of 200 bp. This PCR technique was assessed for early detection of WSSV in shrimp. In time-course infectivity experiments conducted on shrimp with WSSV, one PCR product (200 bp) was seen in hemolymph, tail tissue and gill at 3 h post infection (p.i.); two PCR products (300 and 200 bp) were seen in tail tissue, hemolymph, heart tissue and gill at 18 h p.i. At 30 h p.i., three PCR products (500, 300, 200 bp) were seen in all the organs tested. The samples collected from control animals showed negative for WSSV.  相似文献   

Immunomodulatory effect of Cynodon dactylon against white tail disease of giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879)          下载免费PDF全文

Mohamed A Farook  Sugumar Vimal  Nithiyanandam Madan  Gani Taju  Seepoo Abdul Majeed  Kalaiselvi S N Nambi  Gnanavel Balasubramanian  Azeez S Sahul Hameed 《Aquaculture Research》2016,47(11):3421-3431

The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is an economically important and extensively cultured crustacean worldwide. The viral pathogens, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) are responsible for causing severe mortalities in the hatchery and nursery phases. This study investigates the protection of postlarvae of freshwater against white tail disease (WTD) using plant extract derived from Cyanodon dactylon and the modulation of the prawn non‐specific immunity. To determine the immunomodulatory effect of C. dactylon extract, the prawn was injected with plant extract and various immunological parameters were estimated. The immunological parameters such as proPO, SOD, THC and clotting time were found to be significantly higher in the plant extract‐injected prawn when compared with control groups. The results of real time PCR analysis revealed up regulation on the expression proPO, SOD and lysozyme genes in MrNV and XSV challenged prawn postlarvae treated with C. dactylon extract. Infectivity experiment showed high relative per cent survival in MrNV and XSV‐challenged prawn postlarvae treated with C. dactylon extract. These results strongly indicate that the administration of C. dactylon plant extract enhances immunity of the prawn. Based on the results, this study recommends that the immersion of postlarvae in C. dactylon plant extract is a potential prophylactic agent against WTD.  相似文献   

Antioxidant Properties of Protein Hydrolysate Obtained from Oyster Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778)     

S. Umayaparvathi  M. Arumugam  S. Meenakshi  T. Balasubramanian 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(5):502-515

The antioxidant activities of enzymatically hydrolyzed (protease from Bacillus cereus SU12) oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) protein were studied. The hydrolysate exhibited a strong antioxidant potential in 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, 85.7 ± 0.37%), followed by hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (81.6 ± 0.3%), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (79.32 ± 0.6%), and reducing power assay (2.63 ± 0.2 OD at 700 nm) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Due to the high antioxidant potential, the hydrolysate was purified in Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography. The active peptide fraction was identified by DPPH and reducing power assay. The amino acid content of the purified active peptide fraction was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The active fraction contained a good quantity of both essential and nonessential amino acids. The present study revealed that oyster (S. cucullata) protein hydrolysate is a potential source for natural antioxidants.  相似文献   

Microbial inoculation of seeds characteristically shapes the rhizosphere microbiome in <Emphasis Type="Italic">desi</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">kabuli</Emphasis> chickpea types     

Balasubramanian Ramakrishnan  Simranjit Kaur  Radha Prasanna  Kunal Ranjan  Amrita Kanchan  Firoz Hossain  Yashbir Singh Shivay  Lata Nain 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(8):2040-2053

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Influence of Seasons, Extenders, Slow and Rapid Freezing on Seminal Characters in Korean Native Bucks     

Chang-Yong Choe  Jung-Gon Kim  Sang-Rae Cho  Dong-Soo Son  Young-Keun Kim  S Balasubramanian  Sang-Yong Choe  Gyu-Jin Rho 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2006,41(1):55-60

The success of AI technology is based on both semen quality and freezing process. In order to establish the semen freezing techniques in Korean native bucks, factors affecting the success were evaluated in the present study. Semen collected by electro-ejaculation from bucks during four distinct seasons was evaluated for semen volume and pH, sperm motility and survivability. The semen volume, concentration and total cell were higher in spring, summer and less in winter. Yet, there were no seasonal differences in the proportional data of live sperm, motility score and pH of semen among seasons. The percentage of live sperm after thawing was found to increase with increased concentration of lactose in Tris-Egg yolk-glycerol (TY-G), being highest in TY-G supplemented with 180 mm lactose (TYL180-G), but did not differ between TY-G and TYL120-G. Sperm motility was enhanced by employing 2.0 h equilibration time with rapid freezing method. In conclusion, semen could be frozen with high success rates for further use of AI in breeding techniques and to preserve the Korean native bucks.  相似文献   

Interactive effect of monocrotophos and ammonium chloride on the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus with reference to lactate/pyruvate ratio     

K. Vijayavel  E.F. Rani  C. Anbuselvam  M.P. Balasubramanian 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2006,86(3):157-161

Sublethal effect of monocrotophos (pesticide) and ammonium chloride (fertilizer) was studied in the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus, with reference to carbohydrate metabolism for a period of 96 h. The glycogen content was analysed in liver and muscle, while the lactate and pyruvate were assessed in blood along with liver and muscle. The results revealed that the glycogen content was found to be decreasing. In contrast increase in the tissues lactate and pyruvate level was found in the fishes exposed to pesticide and fertilizer individually and in combinations. The combined effects of these chemicals were more toxic to carbohydrate metabolism than the effect produced by the individual chemicals. The results were tested to search for statistical significance. The calculated lactate and pyruvate ratio (L/P) indicated that the fishes were under chemical stress.  相似文献   

Isozyme pattern of lactate and malate dehydrogenases of Gastrothylax crumenifer (Trematoda: Amphistomatidae) from different hosts     

S Dhandayuthapani  M P Balasubramanian  K Nellaiappan  K Ramalingam 《Veterinary parasitology》1983,12(1):65-69

Isozyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) of Gastrothylax crumenifer from sheep, goat and buffalo was studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LDH of G. crumenifer from buffalo, goat and sheep consists of four fractions, three fractions and two fractions, respectively. The parasite from buffalo shows two fractions of MDH, whereas those from goats or sheep show only a single fraction. The significance of these results is discussed.  相似文献   

Virulence status,viral accommodation and structural protein profiles of white spot syndrome virus isolates in farmed Penaeus monodon from the southeast coast of India     

Victor Stalinraj  Koyadan Kizhakedath Vijayan  Mohandas Sanjuktha  Changaramkumarth Paran Balasubramanian  Shankar Vinayakarao Alavandi  Thairiyam Chinnappan Santiago 《Aquaculture Research》2009,40(2):129-138

The objective of this study was to investigate the reason for variation in the virulence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from different shrimp farms in the Southeast coast of India. Six isolates of WSSV from farms experiencing outbreaks (virulent WSSV; vWSSV) and three isolates of WSSV from farms that had infected shrimps but no outbreaks (non‐virulent WSSV; nvWSSV) were collected from different farms in the Southeast coast of India. The sampled animals were all positive for WSSV by first‐step PCR. The viral isolates were compared using histopathology, electron microscopy, SDS‐PAGE analysis of viral structural proteins, an in vivo infectivity experiment and sequence comparison of major structural protein VP28; there were no differences between isolates in these analyses. A significant observation was that the haemolymph protein profile of nvWSSV‐infected shrimps showed three extra polypeptide bands at 41, 33 and 24 kDa that were not found in the haemolymph protein profile of vWSSV‐infected shrimps. The data obtained in this study suggest that the observed difference in the virulence of WSSV may not be due to any change in the virus, rather it could be due to the shrimp defence system producing certain factors that help it to accommodate the virus without causing any mortality.  相似文献   

Effect of hot water extracts of brown seaweeds Sargassum spp. on growth and resistance to white spot syndrome virus in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae     

Grasian Immanuel  Madasamy Sivagnanavelmurugan  Varatharajan Balasubramanian  Arunachalam Palavesam 《Aquaculture Research》2010,41(10):e545-e553

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a hot water extract of brown seaweeds Sargassum duplicatum and Sargassum wightii on the growth and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) resistance in shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL). Artemia nauplii (instar II) were enriched with both seaweed extracts at various concentrations (250, 500 and 750 mg L^?1) and fed to the respective P. monodon (PL15–35) group for 20 days. A control group was also maintained without seaweed extract supplementation. The weight gain of the experimental groups was significantly higher (0.274–0.323 g) than the control group (0.261 g). Similarly, the specific growth rate was also significantly higher (16.27–17.06%) in the experimental groups than in the control group (16.03%). After 20 days of the feeding experiment, the shrimp PL were challenged with WSSV for 21 days. During the challenge test, the control shrimp displayed 100% mortality within 8 days. In contrast, the mortality percentage of the highest concentration (750 mg L^?1) of seaweed extract enriched Artemia nauplii fed shrimp was 54–79%. Comparatively, low mortality was observed in S. wightii extract‐enriched Artemia nauplii fed shrimp. The polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated the concentration‐dependent infection of WSSV in P. monodon PL.  相似文献   

Salinity and the persistence of parathion in flooded soils     

B.Rajasekhar Reddy  N. Sethunathan 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1985,17(2):235-239

The persistence of parathion in five coastal saline soils of varying electrical conductivity and in one nonsaline soil sample was studied under flooded conditions. Parathion was decomposed faster in nonsaline soil than in saline soils and its stability increased with increasing electrical conductivity. The addition of salts to the nonsaline soil at 4, 8 and 16 dS^?1 increased the persistence of parathion. Nitro-group reduction, and not hydrolysis, was the major route of parathion degradation in saline and nonsaline soils. The accumulation of aminoparathion was less pronounced in saline soils than in nonsaline soil concomitant with slow degradation of parathion in saline soils. The inhibition of nitro-group reduction in saline soils was related to low microbial activities as reflected in decreased dehydrogenase activity and slow iron reduction.  相似文献