A method to monitor airborne Venturia inaequalis ascospores using volumetric spore traps and quantitative PCR     

J. C. Meitz-Hopkins  S. G. von Diest  T. A. Koopman  A. Bahramisharif  C. L. Lennox 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,140(3):527-541

Apple scab caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis can result in significant crop losses if not managed effectively. Sanitation as part of an integrated management strategy aims to significantly reduce primary inoculum to lower the disease pressure. This study evaluates the possibility of molecular detection and quantification of ascospore discharge and the use of this method to test for efficacy of orchard sanitation treatments. A method to detect and quantify airborne ascospores was developed using volumetric spore traps (VSTs). V. inaequalis specific primers were tested on daily VST samples from two orchard sections (leaf litter removed compared to leaf litter left) during spring. A molecular method to detect and quantify ascospores was tested by amplifying genomic regions of the mitochondrial CYP51A1 gene, and the ITS region using SYBR® green. Timing of ascospore discharge was compared to predicted infection risk and a degree day model using weather data. The average spore detection limit was estimated to be at levels of 1 pg μl^?1 DNA (approximately 37 ascospores) per daily spore trap reading using CYP51A1 primers. Using the CYP51A1 primer pair, primary inoculum was estimated to be 51 % lower in the orchard sections where leaves had been removed, indicating that this method could be used to evaluate the efficacy of alternative control strategies such as leaf removal to reduce potential ascospore dose. This is the first report of combining VSTs and quantitative PCR to monitor airborne V. inaequalis ascospores.  相似文献   

Feed‐derived volatile basic nitrogen increases reactive oxygen species production of blood leukocytes in lactating dairy cows          下载免费PDF全文

Ei Tsunoda  Josef J. Gross  Chiho Kawashima  Rupert M. Bruckmaier  Katsuya Kida  Akio Miyamoto 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(1):125-133

The present study investigated over 9 months the changes of fermentative quality of total mixed rations (TMR) containing grass silage (GS) as a major component, associated with changes in the volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) levels in an experimental dairy farm. Effects of VBN levels in TMR on metabolic parameters, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and conception rates for dairy cows were analyzed. According to VBN levels in TMR during survey periods, three distinct phases were identified; phase A with low VBN; phase B with high VBN; and phase C with mid‐VBN. Metabolic parameters in blood were all within normal range. However, during phases B and C, nitrogen metabolic indices such as blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen showed higher levels compared to those in phase A, and a simultaneous increase in ROS production by blood PMNs and the load on hepatic function in metabolic parameters was observed in the cows with a lower conception rate. This suggests that feeding TMR with elevated VBN levels due to poor fermented GS results in stimulation of ROS production by PMNs by ammonia, and negatively affects metabolism and reproductive performance in lactating dairy cow.  相似文献   

The influence of stress and cheese-whey on intestinal parameters in mice   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J P Koopman  M E van den Brink  P M Scholten  M van der Heyden  F W van Schie  M P Hectors  F Nagengast 《The Veterinary quarterly》1989,11(1):24-29

In a mouse model the effects of environmental stress on gastrointestinal parameters and the effects of cheese-whey on the changes induced by stress were studied. Mice were subjected to overcrowding, lack of bedding, overcrowding together with lack of bedding, continuous light, and housing at 30 degrees C. The influence of stress on relative caecal weight, faecal enterobacteriaceae, colonisation resistance (CR), filamentous segmented bacteria in the small intestine, fusiform bacteria in the faeces, and concentration of faecal bile acids was studied. Stress had no influence on relative caecal weight, faecal enterobacteriaceae, and faecal bile acids. Stress did decrease colonisation resistance, presence of segmented filamentous bacteria in the small intestine, and fusiform bacteria in the faeces. Cheese-whey had no positive effect on the microbiological disturbances caused by stress. The number of filamentous segmented bacteria in the small intestine and fusiforms in the faeces decreased by giving cheese-whey.  相似文献   

De bestrijding der vetvlekkenziekte     

Ir C. Koopman 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1944,50(3):62-68

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A disturbance-induced increase in tree species diversity facilitates forest productivity     

Mariana?Silva PedroEmail author  Werner?Rammer  Rupert?Seidl 《Landscape Ecology》2016,31(5):989-1004

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Criterion-related validity of the last 7-day, short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Swedish adults     

Ekelund U  Sepp H  Brage S  Becker W  Jakes R  Hennings M  Wareham NJ 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(2):258-265

OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity of the short, last 7-day, self-administered form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). DESIGN: All subjects wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days and completed the IPAQ questionnaire on the eighth day. Criterion validity was assessed by linear regression analysis and by modified Bland-Altman analysis. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated for classifying respondents according to the physical activity guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SETTING: Workplaces in Uppsala, Sweden. SUBJECTS: One hundred and eighty-five (87 males) participants, aged 20 to 69 years. RESULTS: Total self-reported physical activity (PA) (MET-min day(-1)) was significantly correlated with average intensity of activity (counts min(-1)) from accelerometry (r = 0.34, P < 0.001). Gender, age, education and body mass index did not affect this relationship. Further, subcomponents of self-reported PA (time spent sitting, time in PA, time in moderate and vigorous activity (MVPA)) were significantly correlated with objectively measured PA (P < 0.05). Self-reported time in PA was significantly different from time measured by accelerometry (mean difference: -25.9 min day(-1); 95% limits of agreement: -172 to 120 min day(-1); P < 0.001). IPAQ identified 77% (specificity) of those who met the current PA guidelines of accumulating more than 30 min day(-1) in MVPA as determined by accelerometry, whereas only 45% (sensitivity) of those not meeting the guidelines were classified correctly. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the short, last 7-days version of the IPAQ has acceptable criterion validity for use in Swedish adults. However, the IPAQ instrument significantly overestimated self-reported time spent in PA. The specificity to correctly classify people achieving current PA guidelines was acceptable, whereas the sensitivity was low.  相似文献   

Plasma cholesterol levels and short-term adaptations of metabolism and milk production during feed restriction in early lactating dairy cows on pasture     

Josef J. Gross  Ann-Catherine Schwinn  Esther Müller  Andreas Münger  Frigga Dohme-Meier  Rupert M. Bruckmaier 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2021,105(6):1024-1033

Low plasma total cholesterol (TC) concentrations are characteristic during the negative energy balance in early lactating dairy cows. The objective was to investigate short-term effects of different TC concentrations during an aggravated energy deficiency through a 1-week concentrate withdrawal on adaptations of metabolism and milk production. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 15) were investigated during 3 week beginning at 24 ± 7 DIM (mean ± SD). Cows were kept on pasture and received additional concentrate in experimental week 1 and 3, while in week 2, concentrate was withdrawn. Blood was sampled once and milk twice daily. Based on their average TC concentration during week 1 (prior to concentrate withdrawal), cows were retrospectively assigned into a high (H-Chol; n = 8, TC ≥ 3.36 mmol/L) and a low TC groups (L-Chol; n = 7, TC < 3.36 mmol/L). Concentrations of phospholipids and lipoproteins were higher in H-Chol compared to L-Chol throughout the study (p < 0.05). During concentrate withdrawal, milk yield, glucose and insulin concentrations decreased similarly in both groups, while milk fat, milk acetone and plasma BHB were higher in H-Chol compared to L-Chol (p < 0.05). Compared to initial values, plasma NEFA, TAG and VLDL increased in both groups within 2 days after concentrate withdrawal (p < 0.05). Concentrations of NEFA during week 2 were greater in L-Chol compared to H-Chol (p < 0.05). Despite reintroduction of concentrate, milk yield in H-Chol remained lower for two more days compared to week 1 (p < .05), whereas milk yield recovered immediately in L-Chol. Activity of aspartate aminotransferase was higher in H-Chol compared to L-Chol in week 2 (p < 0.05). Greater plasma TC concentrations were associated with a reduced increase of NEFA. Further research is warranted if TC concentrations are related to adipose tissue mobilization and fatty acid turnover.  相似文献   

Milk production of crossbred daughters of high- and low-milk EPD Angus and Hereford bulls.     

J A Minick  D S Buchanan  S D Rupert 《Journal of animal science》2001,79(6):1386-1393

Milk yield from 273 Angus- and Hereford-sired cows and preweaning performance of their calves were used to determine how accurately milk EPD of Angus and Hereford sires predicted milk production of crossbred daughters and subsequent calf performance. Mean milk EPD (kg) for high Angus (HA), low Angus (LA), high Hereford (HH), and low Hereford (LH) bulls (n = 41) selected as sires were +8.7, -6.2, +7.6, and -4.8, respectively. Cows calved in spring or fall from 1992 to 1997 and yielded a total of 660 records. Twenty-four-hour milk production of the cows was estimated by two weigh-suckle-weigh measurements at monthly intervals. The statistical model included breed, milk EPD level, sire of cow within breed and milk EPD level, year, season, cow age, calf sire, sex, and all two- and three-way interactions. Means were obtained for monthly milk production, total milk production, time and yield of peak production, monthly calf weights, monthly cow weights and body condition scores (1 through 9), and calf birth and weaning data. The least squares means for 24-h milk production (kg) of HA, LA, HH, and LH with P-values for high vs low, across breeds, were, respectively, as follows: mo 1: 6.9, 5.9, 7.1, and 5.7 (P < 0.01); mo 2: 7.2, 6.1, 6.9, and 5.7 (P < 0.01); mo 3: 6.1, 5.1, 5.1, and 4.3 (P = 0.01); mo 4: 6.1, 4.9, 4.9, and 4.8 (P = 0.01); mo 5: 4.8, 4.0, 4.2, and 3.8 (P = 0.01); mo 6: 4.7, 3.4, 3.2, and 3.0 (P < 0.01); and mo 7: 3.7, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.0 (P = 0.05). Least squares means for total milk (kg) were 911.4, 729.6, 758.0, and 664.2 (P < 0.01); for yield at peak (kg/d) were 7.0, 5.7, 6.1, and 5.2 (P < 0.01); for birth weight (kg) were 37.1, 37.9, 38.3, and 38.8 (P = 0.31); for 205-d weight (kg) were 237.3, 218.2, 222.2, and 214.1 (P < 0.01); for final cow weight (kg) were 482.4, 505.4, 509.5, and 511.7 (P = 0.11); and for final cow BCS were 4.9, 5.3, 5.1, and 5.2 (P < 0.01). The correlations of total production with the monthly productions were 0.52, 0.56, 0.52, 0.54, 0.35, 0.37, and 0.31 (P < 0.01) and were 0.12 with birth weight, 0.45 with 205-d weight, -0.12 with final cow weight, and -0.26 with final cow body condition score (all P < 0.01). Daughters of high-milk EPD sires produced more milk and weaned heavier calves than those of low-milk EPD sires at the expense of body condition. These results suggest that sire milk EPD are sufficiently associated with milk yield and calf performance to be useful tools in genetic improvement of preweaning performance.  相似文献   

Relationships between spectral features,iron oxides and colours of surface soils in northern Jordan     

Wahib Sahwan  Bernhard Lucke  Tobias Sprafke  Kim A. Vanselow  Rupert Bäumler 《European Journal of Soil Science》2021,72(1):80-97

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Scaling issues in forest ecosystem management and how to address them with models     

Rupert Seidl  Chris S. Eastaugh  Koen Kramer  Michael Maroschek  Christopher Reyer  Jarosław Socha  Giorgio Vacchiano  Tzvetan Zlatanov  Hubert Hasenauer 《European Journal of Forest Research》2013,132(5-6):653-666

Scaling is widely recognized as a central issue in ecology. The associated cross-scale interactions and process transmutations make scaling (i.e. a change in spatial or temporal grain and extent) an important issue in understanding ecosystem structure and functioning. Moreover, current concepts of ecosystem stewardship, such as sustainability and resilience, are inherently scale-dependent. The importance of scale and scaling in the context of forest management is likely to further increase in the future because of the growing relevance of ecosystem services beyond timber production. As a result, a consideration of processes both below (e.g. leaf-level carbon uptake in the context of climate change mitigation) and above (e.g. managing for biodiversity conservation at the landscape scale) the traditional focus on the stand level is required in forest ecosystem management. Furthermore, climate change will affect a variety of ecosystem processes across scales, ranging from photosynthesis (tree organs) to disturbance regimes (landscape scale). Assessing potential climate change impacts on ecosystem services thus requires a multi-scale perspective. However, scaling issues have received comparatively little attention in the forest management community to date. Our objectives here are thus first, to synthesize scaling issues relevant to forest management and second, to elucidate ways of dealing with complex scaling problems by highlighting examples of how they can be addressed with ecosystem models. We have focused on three current management issues of particular importance in European forestry: (1) climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration, (2) multi-functional stand management for biodiversity and non-timber goods and services and (3) improving the resilience to natural disturbances. We conclude that taking into account the full spatiotemporal heterogeneity and dynamics of forest ecosystems in management decision-making is likely to make management more robust to increasing environmental and societal pressures. Models can aid this process through explicitly accounting for system dynamics and changing conditions, operationally addressing the complexity of cross-scale interactions and emerging properties. Our synthesis indicates that increased attention to scaling issues can help forest managers to integrate traditional management objectives with emerging concerns for ecosystem services and therefore deserves more attention in forestry.  相似文献