Synthesis of water-soluble 9,10-anthraquinone analogues with potent cyanobactericidal activity toward the musty-odor cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata     

Nanayakkara NP  Schrader KK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(3):1002-1007

A series of water-soluble 9,10-anthraquinone analogues were prepared and evaluated for their selective toxicity toward Oscillatoria perornata, which grows in catfish production ponds and causes "musty" off-flavor in channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus). Water-soluble mono- and dicationic salts were prepared by conjugating various small amines directly or through a methylene or ethylene bridge to the 9,10-anthraquinone nucleus. One of the dicationic salts, 2-[ N-(1'-methyl-4'- N, N-diethylaminobutyl)aminometyl]anthraquinone diphosphate, exhibited very high water solubility and potent selective toxicity toward O. perornata. However, the tendency of this compound to potentially bind to suspended sediments may be the reason for its limitations in controlling O. perornata in catfish production ponds. The monocationic salt, 2-[ N-(1'-methylethyl)]aminomethyl]anthraquinone monophosphate, showed good solubility and high selective toxicity toward O. perornata. Neutral water-soluble analogues prepared by conjugating terta- or pentaethylene glycol directly or by a methylene bridge to the 9,10-anthraquinone nucleus had less activity than the parent compound.  相似文献   

Study of the influence of veterinary medical education on the moral development of veterinary students     

D J Self  D E Schrader  D C Baldwin  S K Root  F D Wolinsky  J A Shadduck 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1991,198(5):782-787

Although veterinary medicine endorses high moral character and adherence to a code of ethics, to our knowledge, virtually no studies have examined the influence of veterinary medical education on the moral development of its students. Using the Kohlberg standard moral judgment interview, this study examined that relationship in a sample of 20 veterinary medical students (16.0% of the veterinary college's student body). The students were tested at the beginning and at the end of their veterinary medical education to determine whether their moral reasoning scores had increased to the same extent as those of other postgraduate students. It was found that normally expected increases in moral reasoning did not occur over the four years of veterinary medical education for these students, suggesting that their veterinary medical educational experience somehow inhibited their moral reasoning ability rather than facilitated it. With a range of moral reasoning scores between 313 and 436, the mean increase from first year to fourth year of 12.5 points was not statistically significant. Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlations between the moral reasoning scores on age or gender, although there were significant correlations with Medical College Admissions Test scores and grade point average scores.  相似文献   

Premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus in a dog as a result of harvesting a cancellous bone graft     

Palmisano MP  Schrader SC 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1999,215(10):1460-2, 1447

A 5-month-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of lameness of the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed pain on manipulation of the right elbow joint, and radiography revealed premature closure of the distal physis of the radius with subluxation of the right elbow joint. Corrective osteotomy of the radius was performed to increase the length of the radius and establish congruity of the elbow joint. Cancellous bone was obtained from the proximal portion of the humerus and used as a graft at the osteotomy site. The dog did well after surgery. Four months after surgery, the dog again was lame on the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed instability of the right shoulder, and manipulation of that area elicited signs of pain. Radiography revealed caudomedial subluxation of the right shoulder as well as deformity of the humeral head and hypoplasia of the greater tubercle. It was presumed that these changes were associated with collection of the cancellous bone graft during the initial surgery, which resulted in premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus as a result of procurement of a bone graft.  相似文献   

Specific mucosal IgA immunity in turkey poults infected with turkey coronavirus   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Loa CC  Lin TL  Wu CC  Bryan T  Hooper T  Schrader D 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2002,88(1-2):57-64

The objective of this study was to elucidate the kinetics and magnitudes of specific IgA antibody responses in intestines of turkey poults infected with turkey coronavirus (TCV). Turkey poults were orally inoculated with TCV at 10 days of age. Intestinal segment cultures were administered for duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and the IgA antibody responses were analyzed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 9 weeks post-infection (PI) in two different experiments. The kinetics of virus-specific IgA antibody responses in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were similar: gradually increased from 1 week PI, reached the peak at 3 or 4 weeks PI, and declined afterward. The virus-specific IgA antibody responses in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum showed negative correlation with duration of TCV antigen in the corresponding locations of intestine with Spearman's correlation coefficient of -0.85 (p=0.034), -0.74 (p=0.096), and -0.75 (p=0.084), respectively. Moreover, the virus-specific IgA antibody responses in serum were positively correlated with that of duodenum (coefficient=0.829, p=0.042), jejunum (coefficient=0.829, p=0.042), and ileum (coefficient=0.771, p=0.072) segment cultures, suggesting that the induction of specific IgA response in serum was predictive of an IgA response in intestine. The results indicate that intestinal mucosal IgA antibodies to TCV are elicited in turkeys following infection with TCV. The local mucosal antibodies may provide protective immunity for infected turkeys to recover from TCV infection.  相似文献   

Antigens of Goat Spermatozoa that Recognize Homologous Zona Pellucida     

G Kaul  KK Gandhi  GS Sharma  B Singh 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2005,40(1):11-18

Goat sperm surface proteins obtained from purified plasma membrane (PPM) vesicles (purity of membrane checked by marker enzymes and transmission electron microscopy) were size fractionated on an fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) gel filtration column. All the seven surface proteins (129, 100, 46, 28, 27, 18 and 10 kDa) obtained were further fractionated and purified on high-efficiency gel filtration (GFC-HPLC) as well as ion exchange (DEAE-HPLC) columns. Antibodies were generated against the PPM and the protein fractions. Such resolved and purified surface antigens were tested by Dot Blot Immunoassay and homologous in vitro sperm-zona binding assays. It was revealed that the binding of goat spermatozoa to homologous zona pellucida was inhibited by antisera raised against the five lower molecular weight surface antigens. Further, the components of FPLC-AIII (46 kDa; A represents antigenic protein) and IV (28 kDa) were most promising as the antibodies against these fractions inhibited sperm binding to zona pellucida even at a dilution of 1 : 1000 as tested by the sperm-zona binding assays.  相似文献   

Detection of antibody to turkey coronavirus by antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing infectious bronchitis virus antigen     

Loa CC  Lin TL  Wu CC  Bryan TA  Thacker HL  Hooper T  Schrader D 《Avian diseases》2000,44(3):498-506

An antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibody to turkey coronavirus (TCV) utilizing infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antigen was developed. Anti-TCV hyperimmune turkey serum and normal turkey serum were used as positive or negative control serum for optimization of the ELISA system. Goat anti-turkey immunoglobulin G (light plus heavy chains) conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was used as detector antibody. The performance of the ELISA system was evaluated with 45 normal turkey sera and 325 turkey sera from the field and the cutoff point was determined. Serum samples of turkeys experimentally infected with TCV collected sequentially from 1 to 63 days postinfection were applied to the established antibody-capture ELISA using IBV antigens. The optimum conditions for differentiation between anti-TCV hyperimmune serum and normal turkey serum were serum dilution at 1:40 and conjugate dilution at 1:1600. Of the 325 sera from the field, 175 were positive for TCV by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA relative to IFA test were 93.1% and 96.7%, respectively, based on the results of serum samples from the field turkey flocks using the optimum cutoff point of 0.18 as determined by the logistic regression method. The ELISA values of all 45 normal turkey sera were completely separated from that of IFA-positive sera. The ELISA results of serum samples collected from turkeys experimentally infected with TCV were comparable to that of the IFA assay. Reactivity of anti-rotavirus, anti-reovirus, anti-adenovirus, or anti-enterovirus antibodies with the IBV antigens coated in the commercially available ELISA plates coated with IBV antigens could be utilized for detection of antibodies to TCV in antibody-capture ELISA.  相似文献   

PRATIQUE: a research project to enhance pest risk analysis techniques in the European Union     

R. H. A. Baker  A. Battisti  J. Bremmer  M. Kenis  J. Mumford  F. Petter  G. Schrader  S. Bacher  P. De Barro  P. E. Hulme  O. Karadjova  A. O. Lansink  O. Pruvost  P. Py&#;ek  A. Roques  Y. Baranchikov  J.-H. Sun 《EPPO Bulletin》2009,39(1):87-93

PRATIQUE is an EC-funded 7th Framework research project designed to address the major challenges for pest risk analysis (PRA) in Europe. It has three principal objectives: (a) to assemble the datasets required to construct PRAs valid for the whole of the EU, (b) to conduct multi-disciplinary research that enhances the techniques used in PRA and (c) to provide a decision support scheme for PRA that is efficient and user-friendly. The research will be undertaken by scientists from 13 institutes in the EU and one each from Australia and New Zealand with subcontractors from institutes in China and Russia. They will produce a structured inventory of PRA datasets for the EU and undertake targeted research to improve existing procedures and develop new methods for (a) the assessment of economic, environmental and social impacts, (b) summarising risk while taking account of uncertainty, (c) mapping endangered areas (d) pathway risk analysis and systems approaches and (e) guiding actions during emergencies caused by outbreaks of harmful organisms. The results will be tested and provided as protocols, decision support systems and computer programs with examples of best practice linked to a computerised European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) PRA scheme.  相似文献   

Localized reconnection in the near jovian magnetotail     

CT Russell  KK Khurana  DE Huddleston  MG Kivelson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,280(5366):1061-1064

The oppositely directed magnetic field in the jovian magnetic tail is expected eventually to reconnect across the current sheet, allowing plasma produced deep inside the magnetosphere near Io's orbit to escape in the antisolar direction down the tail. The Galileo spacecraft found localized regions of strong northward and southward field components beyond about 50 jovian radii in the postmidnight, predawn sector of the jovian magnetosphere. These pockets of vertical magnetic fields can be stronger than the surrounding magnetotail and magnetodisk fields. They may result from episodic reconnection of patches of the near jovian magnetotail.  相似文献   

Development of a complete set of disomic rape-radish chromosome-addition lines   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

H. Budahn  O. Schrader  H. Peterka 《Euphytica》2008,162(1):117-128

After crosses of multiple rape-radish chromosome additions with rape, nine different monosomic additions (2n = 4x = 38 + 1) of individual radish chromosomes, a–i, were isolated, having the genomic background of winter oil seed rape and radish cytoplasm. Extra chromosomes were identified with RAPD markers, specific for individual radish chromosomes. All radish-plasmic monosomic additions, except that of chromosome f, had low seed production due to pistilloid stamens. Rape cytoplasm was substituted by crossing the monosomic additions as pollinators to rape followed by reselection of the radish chromosome additions. The monosomic additions in rape cytoplasm showed normal male fertility. Average transmission rates of radish chromosomes via egg cells and pollen cells were 37% and 27%, respectively. Lowest male transmission was found for chromosomes e and f with 0.04 and 0.01. Monosomic additions were self-pollinated to produce disomic additions. Monosomic and disomic addition progenies were discriminated by a prescreening with quantitative double primer (dp) RAPDs and cytological confirmation of preselected candidates by FISH analysis using a Raphanus-specific probe. Usability of this complete set of nine disomic rape-radish additions (2n = 4x = 38 + 2) was discussed.  相似文献   

Development of phytoplankton communities and common off-flavors in a biofloc technology system used for the culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)     

Kevin K. Schrader  Bartholomew W. GreenPeter W. Perschbacher 《Aquacultural Engineering》2011,45(3):118-126

The use of biofloc technology production systems continues to increase in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Recent research demonstrated that outdoor biofloc systems can be used to produce high yields of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). However, studies have not yet been performed to determine the development and composition of phytoplankton communities and related off-flavor problems in these biofloc production systems. In this study, water samples were collected biweekly from May to November and channel catfish samples were collected during harvest in November from nine 18.6 m² biofloc culture tanks. Water and fillet samples were analyzed for levels of the common off-flavor compounds geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). The development and composition of phytoplankton communities in each culture tank was also monitored. In addition, water and biofloc samples were evaluated to assess the microbial sources of geosmin and MIB within the culture tanks. Phytoplankton (including algae and cyanobacteria attached to bioflocs) biomass, as determined by concentrations of chlorophyll a in the water, gradually increased in all tanks over time. Phytoplankton communities that developed in the culture tanks were dominated by fast-growing, unicellular and small colonial types of green algae (chlorophytes) and diatoms (bacillariophytes) and slower growing, small colonial types of cyanobacteria (cyanophytes). A positive correlation (p < 0.05) between cumulative feed addition and chlorophyll a concentration was found. Although geosmin and MIB were present in the culture water of each tank during most of the study, levels were typically low and only one tank yielded catfish with geosmin and MIB in their flesh at levels high enough to be designated as off-flavor. A positive correlation (p < 0.05) between cumulative feed addition and MIB concentrations in the water of culture tanks indicates a greater potential for MIB-related off-flavor problems at high feed application rates. The microbial sources responsible for production of geosmin and MIB in the culture tanks remain unknown.  相似文献