Effect of increased feeding of dietary α‐linolenic acid by grazing on formation of the cis9,trans11–18:2 isoform of conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk          下载免费PDF全文

Mio Yamaguchi  Taki Naito  Yoshikazu Nagao  Yukihito Kabuyama  Kei Hashimoto  Norihiro Azuma  Isamu Maeda 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(7):1006-1011

Feeding systems such as grazing affect the fatty acid profile of bovine milk fat. In addition, milk fat is formed as the product of fatty acid metabolism in cow bodies before being secreted into milk. However, how grazing influences milk fatty acid profile through the metabolism has not been completely characterized. When fatty acid concentrations in Holstein milk were compared between grazing and non‐grazing periods, α‐linolenic acid was significantly higher in the grazing period than in the non‐grazing period. This could be explained with an increase in α‐linolenic acid feeding with grazing. α‐linolenic acid had a linear positive correlation with conjugated linoleic acid (9c,11t‐18:2) (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA) during the grazing period, whereas CLA had higher correlation with linoleic acid rather than with α‐linolenic acid during the non‐grazing period. These data indicate that the high content of dietary α‐linolenic acid affects CLA and VA formation in milk of grazing periods via α‐linolenic acid metabolism into VA.  相似文献   

Survey of ophthalmic disorders among captive pinnipeds in Japan     

Misato NAKAMURA  Marin MATSUSHIRO  Masatoshi TSUNOKAWA  Seiya MAEHARA  Takanori KOORIYAMA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(7):1075

Pinnipeds have evolved enlarged ocular bulbs to catch fish in the dark. However, their large protruding eyes are easily damaged, which increases the risk of blindness and death in these animals. In captivity, ophthalmic disorders, manifested as keratitis and cataracts, are common among pinnipeds. In this study, we investigated symptoms of ophthalmic disorders in pinniped species using a questionnaire distributed to 32 zoos and aquariums throughout Japan. We conducted this study in cooperation with the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The survey included 295 pinnipeds from four otariid species, five phocid species, and one odobenid species. Of these, 43.1% of the pinnipeds had diseases affecting the lens, cornea, and/or other eye parts. Age was positively associated with lens disorders in California sea lions, South American sea lions, and spotted seals. Conflicts and public appearances were also associated with corneal and/or lens disorders in California sea lions. Treatments were evaluated as effective for corneal disorders and conjunctivitis. The results of this study indicate that ophthalmic disorders in pinnipeds are related to the conditions of their captive environment. Aquariums and zoos should be encouraged to share information regarding optimal maintenance practices to improve the living conditions of pinnipeds.  相似文献   

An outbreak of canine distemper virus in tigers (Panthera tigris): possible transmission from wild animals to zoo animals     

Nagao Y  Nishio Y  Shiomoda H  Tamaru S  Shimojima M  Goto M  Une Y  Sato A  Ikebe Y  Maeda K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2012,74(6):699-705

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus that causes one of the most contagious and lethal viral diseases known in canids, has an expanding host range, including wild animals. Since December 2009, several dead or dying wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were found in and around one safari-style zoo in Japan, and CDV was isolated from four of these animals. In the subsequent months (January to February 2010), 12 tigers (Panthera tigris) in the zoo developed respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, and CDV RNA was detected in fecal samples of the examined tigers. In March 2010, one of the tigers developed a neurological disorder and died; CDV was isolated from the lung of this animal. Sequence analysis of the complete hemagglutinin (H) gene and the signal peptide region of the fusion (F) gene showed high homology among these isolates (99.8-100%), indicating that CDV might have been transmitted from raccoon dog to tiger. In addition, these isolates belonged to genotype Asia-1 and had lower homology (<90%) to the vaccine strain (Onderstepoort). Seropositivity of lions (Panthera leo) in the zoo and wild bears (Ursus thibetanus) captured around this area supported the theory that a CDV epidemic had occurred in many mammal species in and around the zoo. These results indicate a risk of CDV transmission among many animal species, including large felids and endangered species.  相似文献   

Differential glutathione S-transferase isozyme activities in rice and early watergrass seedlings     

Kenji Usui  Fan Deng  Akiko Nagao and  Ie Sung Shim 《Weed Biology and Management》2001,1(2):128-132

Glutathione S -transferase (GST) isozymes were investigated in one-leaf-stage rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) and early watergrass ( Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing) shoots after being induced by treatment with a combination of pretilachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(2-propoxyethyl)acetanilide] and fenclorim (4,6-dichloro-2-phenylpyrimidine) using DEAE-Sephacel anion exchange chromatography. Non-treated plants contained GST isozymes that had activity to the following substrates: three isozymes for l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), six isozymes for pretilachlor and three isozymes for fenclorim in rice shoots; and four isozymes for CDNB, three or four isozymes for pretilachlor and two or three isozymes for fenclorim in early watergrass shoots. Glutathione S -transferase isozyme activities of non-treated plants were higher in rice than in early watergrass, especially in the case of GST activity with fenclorim as a substrate. Pretreatment of rice roots with a combination of pretilachlor and fenclorim increased the activity of the constitutively expressed isozymes that exhibited activity with CDNB, pretilachlor and fenclorim. This pretreatment also caused the appearance of one new GST(fenclorim) isozyme. Pretreatment of early watergrass roots with a combination of pretilachlor and fenclorim produced almost no increase in activity of some constitutively expressed isozymes that exhibited activity to CDNB and fenclorim, although it partly increased the peaks to corresponding to pretilachlor. The induction of GST was higher in rice than that in early watergrass. These results indicated that the isozyme pattern and substrate specificity of GST isozymes in rice were different from those in early watergrass. Furthermore, the selectivity of pretilachlor between rice and early watergrass may be related to different constitutively expressed GST(pretilachlor) isozyme activities and the induction of GST(pretilachlor) isozyme activities in the combination treatment.  相似文献   

Ribotyping of EntomopathogenicVerticittium lecanii in Japan     

Midori Sugimoto  Masanori Koike  Hideyuki Nagao 《Phytoparasitica》2001,29(5):413-420

To estimate the genetic diversity in 30 isolates ofVerticillium lecanii from aphids, whiteflies, mite and black pine in Japan, including two commercialized strains (Mycotal and Vertalec), DNA polymorphisms in ribosomal DNA of those isolates were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene of each isolate were analyzed by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). The size of the PCR product from the ITS region was ~ 580 bp in 27 of the isolates. A 600 bp ITS product was detected in Mycotal and Vertalec. One Japanese isolate produced both the 580 bp and 600 bp products. Enzymatic digestion of the ITS region with Sau3A I,Msp I,Hae III andRsa I revealed RFLPs that consisted of eight haplotypes. Mycotal and Vertalec were specific haplotypes that differed from other isolates. The Japanese isolates had a complex relationship with the original host, but we identified several specific haplotypes common to an aphid origin. Ten distinct IGS haplotypes were detected in the IGS region, some of which were associated with aphid and whitefly origins. These results suggest that the haplotype of rDNA RFLP analysis can be used for studying genetic diversity inV. lecanii.  相似文献   

Dysfunction of erythropoietin-producing interstitial cells in the kidneys of ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice     

Yamaguchi-Yamada M  Manabe N  Kiso M  Goto Y  Mori T  Sakata C  Anan S  Nagao M  Yamamoto Y  Ogura A 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2005,67(9):891-899

Anemia is a major secondary symptom in chronic renal disorder (CRD), but the precise cause of insufficient production of erythropoietin (EPO) remains unclear owing to the controversial localization of EPO-producing cells in the kidneys. The ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mouse, a new hereditary nephrotic mouse, is an appropriate model of anemia associated with CRD. By using an amplified in situ hybridization technique, we detected and counted the renal EPO-producing cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The expression levels of renal EPO mRNA were quantified and oxygen gradients were also assessed immunohistochemically. Amplified in situ hybridization clarified that EPO-producing cells were peritubular interstitial cells in the middle region of renal cortex in both ICR and ICGN mice. Hypoxia (7% O2) induced low oxygen tension in proximal tubular epithelial cells of renal cortex, and increased the expression of EPO mRNA and the number of EPO-producing cells in both ICR and ICGN mice. However, hypoxia did not increase the serum EPO levels in ICGN mice. The ICGN mouse is a good model for anemia associated with CRD, and the suppression of EPO protein production in the renal EPO-producing cells is considered to be a potential cause of anemia associated with CRD.  相似文献   

Genetic diversity of the entomopathogen<Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium lecanii</Emphasis> on the basis of vegetative compatibility     

Midori?Sugimoto  Masanori?KoikeEmail author  Hideyuki?Nagao  Kayo?Okumura  Masayuki?Tani  Katsuhisa?Kuramochi 《Phytoparasitica》2003,31(5):450-457

Forty-three isolates ofVerticillium lecanii from insects, phytopathogenic fungi and other substrates were tested for vegetative compatibility by observing heterokaryon formation among complementary nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants.nit mutants were isolated from 42/43 strains examined. Twenty-one isolates were self-incompatible, and the remaining 21 isolates were divided into 14 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs): ten containing only a single strain each, and the remaining four containing two to four isolates each. Members of isolates in each of these VCGs all shared the same IGS haplotype. Further, the isolates within a VCG were correlated with one another in part by fragment patterns of mt-LrDNA, -SrDNA, Bt-2 and H4 region, by PCR-RFLP and -SSCP, but not by dsRNA. Two isolates belonging to VL-J2 have high virulence to aphids, whereas strains from VL-J1 lack this character. These findings indicate that two VCGs (VL-J1 and -J2) may originate from two distinct clonal lineages. Alternatively, high VCG diversity and HSI frequency ofV. lecanii might be associated with an array of distinct lineages. These data not only suggest relationships among DNA polymorphisms, virulence, and VCG, but also demonstrate genetic heterogeneity ofV. lecanii. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 30, 2003.  相似文献   

Functional disorder of the retina in manganese-deficient Japanese quail revealed by electroretinography using a contact lens electrode with built-in light source     

Endo K  Itoh N  Maehara S  Shinozaki A  Imagawa T  Uehara M  Mizuno N  Sasaki S  Hiraga T  Teraoka H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(2):139-144

Manganese deficiency results in neurological and skeletal defects, together with ultrastructural disarrangement of the retina in rats. Wild birds show a range of Mn concentrations in their tissues, including the liver, raising the possibility of Mn-related disorders in the wild. Electroretinography (ERG) provides a useful noninvasive approach to evaluate visual function. This method is especially useful in birds, as objective analysis of them is very difficult, while they have well-developed vision. In this study, we carried out a convenient and reliable ERG recording using a contact lens electrode with a built-in light source (LED electrode) of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed a Mn-deficient diet. After 10 min light adaptation, single-flash and flicker cone responses were reproducibly recorded to cause an intensity-dependent increase in amplitude of both a-wave and b-wave in single-flash ERG. Mn-deficient feeding markedly decreased the Mn concentration in the liver by almost half in 3 to 6 weeks, followed by body weight loss in 13 to 15 weeks. Implicit time of a-wave and b-wave cone response by single-flash stimulation was significantly delayed in quail with a Mn depletion from 3 to 6 weeks. Every cone response of the Mn-deprived quail had a tendency to decrease amplitude. The ultrastructure of cone photoreceptor cells was disorganized by Mn deficiency, including changes in outer segment discs of photoreceptor cells. These results suggest the essential role of Mn in the integrity of the retinal function of birds.  相似文献   

Effects of temperature on the growth of a Japanese willow (Salix gilgiana Seemen)     

Kenji Shinohara  Akinori Nagao  Shiro Okuda  Kaoru Niiyama  Toyonobu Sugawa 《Journal of Forest Research》1998,3(1):55-60

The effects of temperature on the growth characteristics of a Japanese willow (Salix gilgiana Seemen) were studied with respect to dry matter production, wood anatomy and the net photosynthetic rates of leaves. Clonal materials were grown in natural-light rooms (phytotrons) at 30°C/25°C, at 25°C/20°C or at 20°C/15°C (day/night: 12 h/12 h), respectively. The elongation rate of shoots from the beginning of June to the end of July was approximately 22 cm per week under the three different sets of conditions. The shoots reached approximately 3 m in height after 4 months of growth. Total dry matter production and dry weights of stems did not differ very much among the three sets of temperature conditions after 9 months of growth. The dry weight of leaves increased at high temperatures while that of roots decreased. The number of vessels increased significantly at 30°C/25°C and 25°C/20°C, whereas the diameters of vessels and fibers, and the double wall thickness of fibers did not vary markedly under all three temperature regimes. The net photosynthetic rate and the respiration rate in mature leaves were highest at 30°C/25°C, and both activities increased with increases in growth temperature. The increase in the photosynthetic rate was much smaller than that in the respiration rate. Individual plants had been completely adapted to the respective growth temperatures, as judged from the decrease in the photosynthetic rate after the transfer to different temperatures. Part of this work was reported at the 102nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (Nagoya, Japan, 1991). This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid (Integrated Research Program for Effective Use of Biological Activities to Create New Demand) from the Ministry of Agriculture, forestry and Fisheries of Japan (BRP 97-IV-B-10).  相似文献   

Factors Affecting the Development of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos in Cattle     

Satoshi AKAGI  Kazutsugu MATSUKAWA  Seiya TAKAHASHI 《The Journal of reproduction and development》2014,60(5):329-335

Nuclear transfer is a complex multistep procedure that includes oocyte maturation, cell cycle synchronization of donor cells, enucleation, cell fusion, oocyte activation and embryo culture. Therefore, many factors are believed to contribute to the success of embryo development following nuclear transfer. Numerous attempts to improve cloning efficiency have been conducted since the birth of the first sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer. However, the efficiency of somatic cell cloning has remained low, and applications have been limited. In this review, we discuss some of the factors that affect the developmental ability of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in cattle.  相似文献