Performance of agency-managed and farmer-managed irrigation systems: A comparative case study at Chitwan, Nepal     

Kiran Prasad Bhatta  Akira Ishida  Kenji Taniguchi  Raksha Sharma 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2006,20(2-3):177-191

Management reforms are considered one of the best alternatives in increasing efficiency of the irrigation systems. Transfer of day-to-day operation and maintenance to farmers is not a new concept. However due to lags, even now it is a hot issue in developing countries and Nepal is not an exception. In this context of growing argument about the transfer of management of public irrigation systems to the Water Users' Group, this paper examines the comparative performance of farmer-managed and agency-managed irrigation systems. Khageri Irrigation System in the Chitwan district of Nepal was taken as the study site where complete management transfer has been done in 1996. The situations before and after complete transfer were compared. Intensive case studies of the selected farmers showed that equity in distribution of water and leakage had significantly improved after management transfer. Logit analysis revealed that age and education level of the household head, distance from main canal, leakage of the canal and equity in distribution are significantly related to the satisfaction level of the beneficiary farmers from FMIS compared to AMIS. However, landholding size of the respondent farmer has no significant effect. Similarly results from t-test revealed that rice productivity and overall profits from agriculture has also increased significantly due to irrigation management transfer.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of capsiate analogues in polar, nonpolar, and micellar media     

Reddy KK  Ravinder T  Prasad RB  Kanjilal S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(2):564-569

Synthesis of 10 capsiate analogues was conducted by lipase-mediated (Novozyme 435) esterification of vanillyl alcohol with different fatty acids. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized capsiates was evaluated using three in vitro assays: DPPH radical scavenging assay (polar medium), Rancimat assay (nonpolar medium), and autoxidation of linoleic acid (micellar medium). The objective of this study is to find the influence of structural characteristics of the alkyl chain of capsiate analogues on their antioxidant activity. In these assays, BHT and α-tocopherol were used as reference compounds. Both DPPH and Rancimat assays did not show any specific trend of antioxidant activity with the increase in lipophilicity and also with the type of fatty acids grafted to the phenolic moiety. In the Tween 20 micellar system for the inhibition of autoxidation of linoleic acid, vanillyl ester attached to a C18 alkyl chain (vanillyl stearate, oleate, and ricinoleate) exhibited maximum inhibition of autoxidation of linoleic acid.  相似文献   

IMPACT OF SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON DIFFERENT FORMS AND BALANCE OF SOIL SULFUR AND THE NUTRITION OF WHEAT IN WHEAT-SOYBEAN CROPPING SEQUENCE IN TARAI SOIL     

Shiveshwar Pratap Singh  Room Singh  Mukesh Prasad Singh  Vijay Prasad Singh 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(4):618-632

A field experiment was conducted at farmer's field in Mollisols of Tarai soils in Uttarakhand (India), to assess the direct and residual effect of sulfur fertilization in wheat-soybean cropping sequence. Four levels of sulfur (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha^?1) were applied to main crop (wheat) along with recommended dose of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). The direct and residual effect of sulfur at highest level showed 27 and 6 percent increase in grain yield of wheat and soybean over control, respectively. The increase in grain yield of wheat was significant at each sulfur level. The direct as well as residual effect of sulfur showed significant increase in sulfur concentration and its uptake by grain and straw except increase in sulfur concentration and uptake by soybean straw. In wheat-soybean cropping sequence, the agronomic efficiency and apparent sulfur recovery decreased with increase in levels of sulfur, but the percent response increased with increasing sulfur application. Different forms of sulfur such as total sulfur, organic sulfur, calcium chloride extractable sulfur, potassium dihydrogen phosphate extractable sulfur, and non-sulfate sulfur in post-harvest soil increased according to sulfur level applied but it decreased under control and also after residual crops. The buildup of sulfur in surface soils was greater than in the deeper soils. Application of sulfur showed the positive sulfur balance and it increased with increase in sulfur level, while it was negative under control. A major portion (46–62%) of applied sulfur contributed to increase in sulfur content of root zone soil followed by unaccounted component (25–40%) and small portion (11–18%) was absorbed by wheat plant as uptake.  相似文献   

Effect of Conditioning Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSHH) with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Neem Oil on Growth,Productivity, Zinc Biofortification of Grain and Zinc Uptake by Basmati Rice     

Yashbir Singh Shivay  Rajendra Prasad  Madan Pal 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(11):1873-1884

Commercial grade zinc (Zn) sulfate hepta hydrate (ZnSHH) is the most widely used source of Zn in India and several other countries for amelioration of Zn deficiency in crops. However, it releases water of hydration at temperature above 30°C and forms lumps on storage, which make it difficult to handle it and apply in fields. Therefore, conditioning of ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil reduces the release of water of hydration and prevents lumps formation and can be well stored. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during rice growing seasons (July-November) of 2009 and 2010 to study the effect of conditioning ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil on growth, productivity and Zn fortification of rice (Oryza sativa) grain and uptake by Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 3 replications comprised of 9 treatments of Zn fertilization. The present study shows that when conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil ZnSHH improved yield attributes, grain and straw yields, Zn uptake and partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn in Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. In general, ZnO was inferior to ZnSHH. Application of ZnSHH conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil can be a better source of Zn for transplanted puddled Basmati rice on Zn deficient soils.  相似文献   

Preparation and characterizations of polypyrrole on liquid ammonia pre-treated wool fabric     

Rahul Navik  Faizan Shafiq  Asfandyar Khan  Manoj Datta  Xiongyi Peng  Md. Kamruzzaman  Yingjie Cai 《Fibers and Polymers》2017,18(6):1115-1123

Wool fabric was treated with liquid ammonia at -40 °C for 30 and 60 s prior to the application of polypyrrole (PPy). The polymer was deposited on wool fiber using the chemical oxidation method with 0.02 and 0.05 mol/l (Py) monomer concentration and FeCl₃ as a catalyst. Functional groups of wool samples were analyzed using FT-IR, and surface morphology was investigated using SEM micrographs. Properties such as water absorbency, surface resistivity, abrasion resistance, weight add-on, and air permeability of coated specimens were explored. The FT-IR outcomes revealed the liquid ammonia pre-treatment changed the amount of amide I (NH), cystic acid, cystic monoxide, and dioxide content of the fiber. SEM micrographs revealed the descaling of wool surface after pre-treatment and smooth coating of polymer. Pre-treatment of wool in liquid ammonia improved absorbency of wool fabric with respect to the treatment duration. The surface resistivity of wool fabric decreased with the increase of monomer concentration and pre-treatment duration. The results of abrasion resistance confirmed that the pre-treated fabric exhibited lower loss of polymer after 200 cycles of abrasion. The weight of the fabric was increased and air permeability decreased when the monomer concentration and liquid ammonia pre-treatment duration was increased.  相似文献   

Identification of genic SSRs in jute (Corchorus capsularis,Malvaceae) and development of markers for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes and regulatory genes          下载免费PDF全文

Pratik Satya  Avrajit Chakraborty  Sourav Jana  Snehalata Majumdar  Maya Karan  Debabrata Sarkar  Subhojit Datta  Jiban Mitra  Chandan S. Kar  Pran Gobinda Karmakar  Nagendra K. Singh 《Plant Breeding》2017,136(5):784-797

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Multi-model comparison on the effects of climate change on tree species in the eastern U.S.: results from an enhanced niche model and process-based ecosystem and landscape models     

Louis R. Iverson  Frank R. ThompsonIII  Stephen Matthews  Matthew Peters  Anantha Prasad  William D. Dijak  Jacob Fraser  Wen J. Wang  Brice Hanberry  Hong He  Maria Janowiak  Patricia Butler  Leslie Brandt  Christopher Swanston 《Landscape Ecology》2017,32(7):1327-1346

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Growth and Biochmical Studies of Mrigal Fish (Cirrhinus mrigala) Fed Graded Levels of Oil     

Aderolu Ademola Zaid  Sahu Narrotam Prasad  Fawole Femi John  Nwachi Oster Francis 《东北农业大学学报(英文版)》2017,24(3)

A 45-day experiment was carried out to evaluate the growth performance,digestive enzymes activity and biochemical response of Cirrhinus mrigala fed graded levels of oil.Three isonitrogenous purified diets(6%,8%and 10%of oil)were formulated.A total of 108 juveniles of Cirrhinus mrigala(5.95±0.25)g were equally distributed in triplicate groups in nine plastic tanks of 100 L capacity and fed under natural light cycle.Growth performance of the fish significantly reflected the effect of inclusion levels of oil tested but the diet with 8%lipid had the best significant growth performance[%weight gain,Feed Conversion Ratio(FCR)and Specific Growth Rate(SGR)],across different experimental groups.Levels of secretion of digestive enzymes in the fish fed different experimental diets resulted in significant values of(p0.05)amylase and lipase,while Aspartate transaminase(AST),Alanine transaminase(ALT),Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)and Malate dehydrogenase(MDH)values in the muscle and liver decreased significantly(p0.05)as the levels of oil in the diet increased.However,serum biochemical parameters did not record any significant difference(p0.05)with the exception of the total lipid across diets.The study confirmed the inclusion effect of graded levels of oil in juvenile Mrigal diet,but the inclusion should not be more than 8%to avert growth depression.  相似文献   

Colonization by Rhizobia of the seed and roots of legumes in relation to exudation of phenolics     

D. Kandasamy  N.N. Prasad 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1979,11(1):73-75

A study of the colonization pattern of Rhizobium inoculated either in the soil or on to the seeds of green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.), black gram (P. mungo L.) and sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) revealed a significant reduction of Rhizobium in the spermosphere of sun hemp which was attributed to excretion of phenolic compounds by the seed. As the plants aged, the quantity of phenolics exuded by the roots was reduced and there was a parallel increase in the Rhizobium population in the rhizospheres of the three plant species.  相似文献   

Influence of moisture regime on inhibition of nitrification by DCD     

Rajendra Prasad 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(4-5):495-500

A laboratory study at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi showed that DCD was an efficient nitrification inhibitor under field capacity moisture (???30 kPa) but not so under submerged soil conditions. Nitrification inhibition by DCD was 79.6% after 1 week of incubation and decreased to 59.3% after 3 weeks of incubation under field capacity moisture, while it was only 19.3% after 1 week of incubation and 10.6% and 18.4% after 2 and 3 weeks of incubation under submergence, respectively. DCD can play an important role in reducing N losses from agricultural fields.  相似文献