Assessing the influence of mechanical ventilation on blood gases and blood pressure in rattlesnakes          下载免费PDF全文

Mads F Bertelsen  Rasmus Buchanan  Heidi M Jensen  Cleo AC Leite  Augusto S Abe  Søren S Nielsen  Tobias Wang 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2015,42(4):386-393

ObjectiveTo characterize the impact of mechanical positive pressure ventilation on heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, blood gases, lactate, glucose, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations in rattlesnakes during anesthesia and the subsequent recovery period.Study designProspective, randomized trial.AnimalsTwenty one fasted adult South American rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus).MethodsSnakes were anesthetized with propofol (15 mg kg⁻¹) intravenously, endotracheally intubated and assigned to one of four ventilation regimens: Spontaneous ventilation, or mechanical ventilation at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ at 1 breath every 90 seconds, 5 breaths minute⁻¹, or 15 breaths minute⁻¹. Arterial blood was collected from indwelling catheters at 30, 40, and 60 minutes and 2, 6, and 24 hours following induction of anesthesia and analyzed for pH, PaO₂, PaCO₂, and selected variables. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR were recorded at 30, 40, 60 minutes and 24 hours.ResultsSpontaneous ventilation and 1 breath every 90 seconds resulted in a mild hypercapnia (PaCO₂ 22.4 ± 4.3 mmHg [3.0 ± 0.6 kPa] and 24.5 ± 1.6 mmHg [3.3 ± 0.2 kPa], respectively), 5 breaths minute⁻¹ resulted in normocapnia (14.2 ± 2.7 mmHg [1.9 ± 0.4 kPa]), while 15 breaths minute⁻¹ caused marked hypocapnia (8.2 ± 2.5 mmHg [1.1 ± 0.3 kPa]). Following recovery, blood gases of the four groups were similar from 2 hours. Anesthesia, independent of ventilation was associated with significantly elevated glucose, lactate and potassium concentrations compared to values at 24 hours (p < 0.0001). MAP increased significantly with increasing ventilation frequency (p < 0.001). HR did not vary among regimens.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMechanical ventilation had a profound impact on blood gases and blood pressure. The results support the use of mechanical ventilation with a frequency of 1–2 breaths minute⁻¹ at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ during anesthesia in fasted snakes.  相似文献   

Analysis of protein structures and interactions in complex food by near-infrared spectroscopy. 2. Hydrated gluten     

Bruun SW  Søndergaard I  Jacobsen S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(18):7244-7251

Hydrated gluten, treated with various salts, was analyzed by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to assess the ability of this method to reveal protein structure and interaction changes in perturbed food systems. The spectra were pretreated with second-derivative transformation and extended multiplicative signal correction for improving the band resolution and removing physical and quantitative spectral variations. Principal component analysis of the preprocessed spectra showed spectral effects that depended on salt type and concentration. Although both gluten texture and the NIR spectra were little influenced by treatment with salt solutions of low concentrations (0.1-0.2 M), they were significantly and diversely affected by treatment with 1.0 M salt solutions. Compared to hydration in water, hydration in 1.0 M sulfate salts caused spectral effects similar to a drying-out effect, which could be explained by salting-out.  相似文献   

Homogenization conditions affect the oxidative stability of fish oil enriched milk emulsions: oxidation linked to changes in protein composition at the oil-water interface     

Sørensen AD  Baron CP  Let MB  Brüggemann DA  Pedersen LR  Jacobsen C 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(5):1781-1789

Fish oil was incorporated into milk under different homogenization temperatures (50 and 72 degrees C) and pressures (5, 15, and 22.5 MPa). Subsequently, the oxidative stability of the milk and changes in the protein composition of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) were examined. Results showed that high pressure and high temperature (72 degrees C and 22.5 MPa) resulted in less lipid oxidation, whereas low pressure and low temperature (50 degrees C and 5 MPa) resulted in faster lipid oxidation. Analysis of protein oxidation indicated that especially casein was prone to oxidation. The level of free thiol groups was increased by high temperature (72 degrees C) and with increasing pressure. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) indicated that high temperature resulted in an increase in beta-lactoglobulin adsorbed at the oil-water interface. This was even more pronounced with higher pressure. Less casein seemed to be present at the oil-water interface with increasing pressure. Overall, the results indicated that a combination of more beta-lactoglobulin and less casein at the oil-water interface gave the most stable emulsions with respect to lipid oxidation.  相似文献   

Analysis of moniliformin in maize plants using hydrophilic interaction chromatography     

Sørensen JL  Nielsen KF  Thrane U 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(24):9764-9768

A novel HPLC method was developed for detection of the Fusarium mycotoxin, moniliformin in whole maize plants. The method is based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) on a ZIC zwitterion column combined with diode array detection and negative electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI(-)-MS). Samples were extracted using acetonitrile-water (85:15), and the extracts were cleaned up on strong anion exchange columns. By this procedure we obtained a recovery rate of 57-74% moniliformin with a limit of detection at 48 ng/g and a limit of quantification at 96 ng/g using UV detection at 229 nm, which is comparable to current methods used. Limit of detection and quantification using ESI(-)-MS detection was 1 and 12 ng/g, respectively. Screening of maize samples infected with the moniliformin producing fungi F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum, or F. subglutinans detected moniliformin levels of 1-12 ng/g in 15 of 28 samples using ESI(-)-MS detection. To our knowledge this is the first example of HILIC separation in mycotoxin analysis.  相似文献   

Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rRNA gene from the piscine diplomonad Spironucleus torosus (Diplomonadida: Hexamitinae)     

Jørgensen A  Alfjorden A  Henriksen K  Sterud E 《Folia parasitologica》2007,54(4):277-282

Previous studies have recorded Spironucleus torosus Poynton et Morrison, 1990 from several species of gadoid fishes, including the only freshwater gadoid, the burbot Lota lota (L.). Two morphologically different isolates of S. torosus have been described (elongate and pyriform). Both have been found in saltwater, while only the elongate has been found in freshwater. To address the conspecificity of the two morphs of S. torosus, and to identify the source of S. torosus in burbot in Norway, we have sequenced the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene from 43 isolates of S. torosus from six species of gadoid fishes sampled at 15 localities in Norway, Sweden and the Baltic Sea. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU rRNA gene sequence data recovered two major clades, one containing mainly isolates from burbot, while the other contained isolates from marine gadoid fishes only. The genetic distance (based on 25 nucleotide substitutions in 789 base pairs) separating the two assemblages was not large enough to consider the two groups separate species. Spironucleus torosus isolated from burbot displayed limited genetic variation in the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene along the post-Pleistocene migration route of its host. The present study is the first report of S. torosus in tusk Brosme brosme (Ascanius), whiting Merlangius merlangus (L.), and fourbeard rockling Enchelyopus cimbrius (L.).  相似文献   

Cloning of two Atlantic salmon growth hormone receptor isoforms and <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> ligand-binding response     

Susana?BenedetEmail author  Viktoria?Johansson  Glen?Sweeney  Malyka?Galay-Burgos  Bj?rn?Thrandur?Bj?rnsson 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2005,31(4):315-329

Two isoforms of the full-length cDNA of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; ss) were cloned by a PCR approach using RACE. Respectively, the cDNA sequences of ssGHR isoforms 1 and 2 are 2654 and 2608 nucleotides long, with 1782 and 1773 nucleotide ORFs. The resulting coded proteins are 594 and 590 aa long, with 19 and 20 aa signal peptides. The two isoforms share 86% protein and 87% cDNA sequence similarity. Isoform 1 is most similar to other salmonid GHR isoforms 1 while isoform 2 is most similar to salmonid GHR isoforms 2 (93–95%). Similarity with other teleost species was lower (37–44%). The bioactivity of the cloned ssGHR was tested by transfecting the ssGHR isoform 1 cDNA into CHO-K1 hamster cells, incubating with recombinant salmon GH (sGH) or native ovine prolactin (oPRL), and measuring cell proliferation by the MTT assay. The ssGHR-transfected cells significantly increased proliferation when stimulated by sGH at all concentrations. oPRL stimulated ssGHR-transfected cells at higher concentrations due to receptor cross reaction. ssGHR isoforms 1 and 2 contain a single transmembrane domain and the typical conserved motifs found in other teleost GHRs, including four paired cysteine residues and five potential N-glycosylation sites in the extracellular domain, Box I and Box II, as well as seven potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the intracellular domain. However, in salmonids, these motifs differ from those of other teleosts, and could be responsible for differentiated hormone binding, signal transduction and response.  相似文献   

Adoption of milk cooling technology among smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya     

Florence Gathoni Gachango  Laura Mørch Andersen  Søren Marcus Pedersen 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(1):179-184

Factors influencing adoption of milk cooling technology were studied with data for 90 smallholder dairy farmers who were randomly selected from seven dairy cooperative societies in Kiambu County, Kenya. Logistic regression identified the age of the household head, daily household milk consumption, freehold land ownership, fodder production area, number of female calves, cooperative membership and cooperative services as significant factors influencing farmers’ willingness to invest in milk cooling technology. These findings offer an entry point for increased interventions by policy makers and various dairy sector stakeholders in promoting milk cooling technology with the aim of significantly reducing post-harvest losses and increasing the sector’s competitiveness.  相似文献   

Fecal carriage of multi-drug resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamases producing E. coli in household pigeons,Bangladesh     

Badrul Hasan  Kamrul Islam  Murshidul Ahsan  Zakir Hossain  Mahmudur Rashid  Bibhas Talukder  Kabir Uddin Ahmed  Björn Olsen  Mohammad Abul Kashem 《Veterinary microbiology》2014

Antibiotic resistance and ESBL constitute a risk to human and animal health. Birds residing close to humans could mirror the spectrum of human associated antibiotic resistance. Household pigeons were screened in Bangladesh to shed light on human associated, as well as, environmental antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli from pigeons (n = 150) were tested against 11 antibiotics. 89% E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more critically important human antibiotics like ampicillin, cefadroxil, mecillinam, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tigecycline. No carbapenamase-producers were detected and the lower ESBL prevalence (5%) in pigeons. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates had bla_CTX-M-15 genes. Pigeons shared some bacterial clones and had bird associated sequence types like E. coli ST1408. Fecal carriage of bacteria resistance of critically important human antibiotics, together with examples of shared genotypes among pigeons, indicate the human-birds and bird to bird transmissions are important in the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance.  相似文献   

Heritability estimates of tarsocrural osteochondrosis and palmar/plantar first phalanx osteochondral fragments in Standardbred trotters     

S. Lykkjen  H. F. Olsen  N. I. Dolvik  A. M. Grøndahl  K. H. Røed  G. Klemetsdal 《Equine veterinary journal》2014,46(1):32-37

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Confirmation of spatial patterns and temperature effects in Bluetongue virus serotype-8 transmission in NW-Europe from the 2007 reported case data     

Gert Jan Boender  Thomas J Hagenaars  Armin RW Elbers  J?rn M Gethmann  Estelle Meroc  Helene Guis  Aline A de Koeijer 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1)

Two separate analyses were carried out to understand the epidemiology of Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in 2007 in North West Europe: First, the temporal change in transmission rates was compared to the evolution of temperature during that season. Second, we evaluated the spatio-temporal dynamics of newly reported outbreaks, to estimate a spatial transmission kernel. For both analyses, the approach as used before in analysing the 2006 BTV-8 epidemic had to be adapted in order to take into account the fact that the 2007 epidemic was not a newly arising epidemic, but one advancing from whereto it had already spread in 2006. We found that within the area already affected by the 2006 outbreak, the pattern of newly infected farms in 2007 cannot be explained by between-farm transmission, but rather by local re-emergence of the virus throughout that region. This indicates that persistence through winter was ubiquitous for BTV-8. Just like in 2006, we also found that the temperature at which the infection starts to spread lies close to 15 °C. Finally, we found that the shape of the transmission kernel is in line with the one from the 2006 epidemic. In conclusion, despite the substantial differences between 2006 and 2007 in temperature patterns (2006 featured a heat wave in July, whereas 2007 was more regular) and spatial epidemic extent, both the minimum temperature required for transmission and the transmission kernel were similar to those estimated for the 2006 outbreak, indicating that they are robust properties, suitable for extrapolation to other years and similar regions.  相似文献