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41.
Sjöblom T Jones S Wood LD Parsons DW Lin J Barber TD Mandelker D Leary RJ Ptak J Silliman N Szabo S Buckhaults P Farrell C Meeh P Markowitz SD Willis J Dawson D Willson JK Gazdar AF Hartigan J Wu L Liu C Parmigiani G Park BH Bachman KE Papadopoulos N Vogelstein B Kinzler KW Velculescu VE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5797):268-274
42.
Ployngam T Tobias AH Smith SA Torres SM Ross SJ 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(4):583-587
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanisms by which corticosteroid administration may predispose cats to congestive heart failure (CHF). ANIMALS: 12 cats receiving methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) for the treatment of dermatologic disorders. PROCEDURE: The study was conducted as a repeated-measures design. Various baseline variables were measured, after which MPA (5 mg/kg, IM) was administered. The same variables were then measured at 3 to 6 days and at 16 to 24 days after MPA administration. Evaluations included physical examination, systolic blood pressure measurement, hematologic analysis, serum biochemical analysis, thoracic radiography, echocardiography, and total body water and plasma volume determination. RESULTS: MPA resulted in a substantial increase in serum glucose concentration at 3 to 6 days after administration. Concurrently, RBC count, Hct, and hemoglobin concentration as well as serum concentrations of the major extracellular electrolytes, sodium and chloride, decreased. Plasma volume increased by 13.4% (> 40% in 3 cats), whereas total body water and body weight slightly decreased. All variables returned to baseline by 16 to 24 days after MPA administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data suggest that MPA administration in cats causes plasma volume expansion as a result of an intra to extracellular fluid shift secondary to glucocorticoid-mediated extracellular hyperglycemia. This mechanism is analogous to the plasma volume expansion that accompanies uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in humans. Any cardiovascular disorders that impair the normal compensatory mechanisms for increased plasma volume may predispose cats to CHF following MPA administration. 相似文献
43.
The bacterial isolate GFAJ-1 has been proposed to substitute arsenic for phosphorus to sustain growth. We have shown that GFAJ-1 is able to grow at low phosphate concentrations (1.7 μM), even in the presence of high concentrations of arsenate (40 mM), but lacks the ability to grow in phosphorus-depleted (<0.3 μM), arsenate-containing medium. High-resolution mass spectrometry analyses revealed that phosphorylated central metabolites and phosphorylated nucleic acids predominated. A few arsenylated compounds, including C6 sugar arsenates, were detected in extracts of GFAJ-1, when GFAJ-1 was incubated with arsenate, but further experiments showed they formed abiotically. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of phosphorus in nucleic acid extracts, while arsenic could not be detected and was below 1 per mil relative to phosphorus. Taken together, we conclude that GFAJ-1 is an arsenate-resistant, but still a phosphate-dependent, bacterium. 相似文献
44.
Indigenous chicken (IC) and their production systems were characterized to understand how the whole system operates for purposes
of identifying threats and opportunities for holistic improvement. A survey involving 594 households was conducted in six
counties with the highest population of IC in Kenya using structured questionnaires. Data on IC farmers’ management practices
were collected and analysed and inbreeding levels calculated based on the effective population size. Indigenous chicken were
ranked highest as a source of livestock income by households in medium- to high-potential agricultural areas, but trailed
goats in arid and semi-arid areas. The production system practised was mainly low-input and small-scale free range, with mean
flock size of 22.40 chickens per household. The mean effective population size was 16.02, translating to high levels of inbreeding
(3.12%). Provision for food and cash income were the main reasons for raising IC, whilst high mortality due to diseases, poor
nutrition, housing and marketing channels were the major constraints faced by farmers. Management strategies targeting improved
healthcare, nutrition and housing require urgent mitigation measures, whilst rural access road network needs to be developed
for ease of market accessibility. Sustainable genetic improvement programmes that account for farmers’ multiple objectives,
market requirements and the production circumstances should be developed for a full realization of IC productivity. 相似文献
45.
Tobias O. Okeno Thomas M. Magothe Alexander K. Kahi Kurt J. Peters 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,45(1):193-203
A bio-economic model was developed to evaluate the utilisation of indigenous chickens (IC) under different production systems accounting for the risk attitude of the farmers. The model classified the production systems into three categories based on the level of management: free-range system (FRS), where chickens were left to scavenge for feed resources with no supplementation and healthcare; intensive system (IS), where the chickens were permanently confined and supplied with rationed feed and healthcare; and semi-intensive system (SIS), a hybrid of FRS and IS, where the chickens were partially confined, supplemented with rationed feeds, provided with healthcare and allowed to scavenge within the homestead or in runs. The model allows prediction of the live weights and feed intake at different stages in the life cycle of the IC and can compute the profitability of each production system using both traditional and risk-rated profit models. The input parameters used in the model represent a typical IC production system in developing countries but are flexible and therefore can be modified to suit specific situations and simulate profitability and costs of other poultry species production systems. The model has the capability to derive the economic values as changes in the genetic merit of the biological parameter results in marginal changes in profitability and costs of the production systems. The results suggested that utilisation of IC in their current genetic merit and production environment is more profitable under FRS and SIS but not economically viable under IS. 相似文献
46.
Joshua A. Stern Jeremy R. Tobias Bruce W. Keene 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2012,14(4):537-539
Third degree atrioventricular (AV) block was observed in a patient with a roughly spherical mass measuring approximately 1 × 1 × 1 cm, visible in the basilar portion of the interventricular septum on 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic examination. The patient had a brief history of lethargy and episodic collapse, and the owner elected to euthanize the dog after the mass lesion was discovered. Necropsy revealed multiple masses within the interventricular septum, ventricular free walls and atrial myocardium. The final diagnosis was large cell (T-cell) lymphosarcoma. 相似文献
47.
Marie Reimer Clara Kopp Tobias Hartmann Heidi Zimmermann Reiner Ruser Rudolf Schulz Torsten Müller Kurt Möller 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2023,186(2):217-233
Background
Fertilization with organic waste compost can close the nutrient cycles between urban and rural environments. However, its effect on yield and soil fertility must be investigated.Aim
This study investigated the long-term effect of compost on soil nutrient and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentration, nutrient budgets, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and efficiency.Methods
After 21 years of annual compost application (100/400 kg N ha–1 year–1 [100BC/400BC]) alone and combined with mineral fertilization, soil was analyzed for pH, organic carbon (SOC), nutrient (total N and P, Nmin, extractable CAL-P, CAL-K, and Mg), and PTE (Cu, Ni, Zn) concentrations. Yields were recorded and nutrient/PTE budgets and apparent net mineralization (ANM, only 2019) were calculated.Results
N efficiency was the highest in maize and for mineral fertilization. Compost application led to lower N efficiencies, but increased ANM, SOC, pH, and soil N, and surpluses of N, P, and all PTEs. Higher PTE concentrations were only found in 400BC for Cu. Nutrient budgets correlated with soil nutrient concentration. A surplus of 16.1 kg P ha–1 year–1 and 19.5 kg K ha–1 year–1 resulted in 1 mg kg–1 increase in CAL-P and CAL-K over 21 years.Conclusion
Compost application supplies nutrients to crops with a minor risk of soil-accumulation of PTEs. However, the nutrient stoichiometry provided by compost does not match crop offtakes causing imbalances. Synchronization of compost N mineralization and plant N demand does not match and limits the yield effect. In winter wheat only 65–70% of N mineralization occurred during the growth period. 相似文献48.
Wenxin Liu Tobias Würschum Hans P. Maurer Friedrich H. Longin Nicolas Ranc Hans P. Piepho Jochen C. Reif 《Plant Breeding》2013,132(1):99-106
Genomic selection (GS) is a promising alternative to marker‐assisted selection particularly for quantitative traits. In this study, we examined the prediction accuracy of genomic breeding values by using ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction in combination with fivefold cross‐validation based on empirical data of a commercial maize breeding programme. The empirical data is composed of 930 testcross progenies derived from 11 segregating families evaluated at six environments for grain yield and grain moisture. Accuracy to predict genomic breeding values was affected by the choice of the shrinkage parameter λ2, by unbalanced family size, by size of the training population and to a lower extent by the number of markers. Accuracy of genomic breeding values was high suggesting that the selection gain can be improved implementing GS in elite maize breeding programmes. 相似文献
49.
From wine to pepper: rotundone, an obscure sesquiterpene, is a potent spicy aroma compound 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wood C Siebert TE Parker M Capone DL Elsey GM Pollnitz AP Eggers M Meier M Vössing T Widder S Krammer G Sefton MA Herderich MJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(10):3738-3744
An obscure sesquiterpene, rotundone, has been identified as a hitherto unrecognized important aroma impact compound with a strong spicy, peppercorn aroma. Excellent correlations were observed between the concentration of rotundone and the mean 'black pepper' aroma intensity rated by sensory panels for both grape and wine samples, indicating that rotundone is a major contributor to peppery characters in Shiraz grapes and wine (and to a lesser extent in wine of other varieties). Approximately 80% of a sensory panel were very sensitive to the aroma of rotundone (aroma detection threshold levels of 16 ng/L in red wine and 8 ng/L in water). Above these concentrations, these panelists described the spiked samples as more 'peppery' and 'spicy'. However, approximately 20% of panelists could not detect this compound at the highest concentration tested (4000 ng/L), even in water. Thus, the sensory experiences of two consumers enjoying the same glass of Shiraz wine might be very different. Rotundone was found in much higher amounts in other common herbs and spices, especially black and white peppercorns, where it was present at approximately 10000 times the level found in very 'peppery' wine. Rotundone is the first compound found in black or white peppercorns that has a distinctive peppery aroma. Rotundone has an odor activity value in pepper on the order of 50000-250000 and is, on this criterion, by far the most powerful aroma compound yet found in that most important spice. 相似文献
50.
To gain insight into the effects of drying and rewetting events on anaerobic respiration in ombrotrophic peat soils, we investigated bacterial sulfate (SO4) reduction and methane (CH4) production in anaerobic incubations of intact peat microcores from 30 to 40 cm depth of Mer Bleue bog, Ontario/Canada. Concentrations of dissolved SO4, carbon dioxide (CO2), CH4, acetate, and hydrogen (H2) were recorded and net turnover rates calculated from regression. Gross rates of bacterial sulfate reduction were determined by 35SO4 tracer incubation. After incubation, the peat was dried and rewetted, with saturated peat serving as control. CO2 production was initially rapid (up to <360 nmol cm?3 d?1) and slowed towards an endpoint of 2–3 mmol l?1, which was only partly related to thresholds of Gibbs free energies of the involved processes. Acetate rapidly accumulated to levels of 600–800 μmol l?1 and remained constant thereafter. CH4 production (0–2.8 nmol cm?3 d?1) was small and delayed, even after SO4 was depleted, by about 30–40 d. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was endergonic and the process thus likely followed an acetotrophic pathway. Drying and rewetting replenished the SO4 pool, enhanced SO4 reduction rates and suppressed methanogenesis. The overall contribution of net SO4 reduction and methanogenesis to the CO2 production rate was small (0.5–22%) and only enhanced in replicates subjected to drying (35–62%). The major fraction of respiration in the incubated peat cores thus followed yet unidentified pathways. 相似文献