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排序方式: 共有1236条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
81.
Satoshi Suzuki Tsutomu Imura Yasuo Kobayashi Masao Usui Naruo Miyazaki Toshio Sano 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2020,66(3):515-526
ABSTRACT Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident of 2011, the potential for radiocesium transfer from contaminated soils, such as Andosols, to agricultural crops became a significant concern. Andosols account for up to 70% of paddy soils in the northern and northwest areas of Tochigi Prefecture, where the radiocesium concentration is 1000 Bq kg?1 or greater in the soil of some fields. The present study was carried out in order to determine the phytoavailability of radiocesium in Andosols by comparing it with that of gray lowland soils in the first 3 years following the accident. The transfer factor (TF) tended to be higher in Andosols than in gray lowland soils, leading to higher radiocesium concentrations in brown rice grown in Andosols. The exchangeable potassium (Ex-K2O) in Andosols was highly and negatively correlated with TF, followed by clay. The Ex-K2O value was positively correlated with the clay/total carbon (T-C) value, suggesting that a high T–C ratio could weaken K2O adsorption on clay mineral sites; hence, the low clay/T-C values can partially explain the relatively large TF values of Andosols. Samples with Ex-K2O contents less than 200 mg kg?1 and with low clay/T-C values showed striking decreases in TF values from 2011 to 2012. However, the decrease from 2012 to 2013 was quite small; radiocesium in these samples was potentially available for rice uptake for a long time, likely due to the reversible adsorption and fixation characteristics of allophane. Most gray lowland soil samples showed very low TF values over the 3 years of the study, except for those with TF values greater than 0.1 due to low Ex-K2O and clay contents; the geometric mean (GM) value of TF was below 0.01 in 2012. The extraction of exchangeable radiocesium (Ex-Cs) with a 1 mol L?1 ammonium acetate solution may not be an appropriate method for explaining the variability in radiocesium TF in Andosols. This is because the Ex-Cs value was significantly correlated with Ex-K2O in Andosols, but not in gray lowland soils, indicating that Ex-K2O explained this variability in relation to Ex-Cs. 相似文献
82.
Cycloamylose (cyclodextrin) glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19, CGTase) originated from Bacillus macerans degraded intact granules of potato raw starch and converted them into cyclodextrins (CDs). The degradation required sufficient stirring of starch-CGTase suspension. The morphology of the degraded starch granules was unique; that is, the inner part of the granules was observed by scanning electron microscope to be more susceptible to CGTase than the outer part. Effects of pH, temperature, starch concentration, and enzyme amount on CD production were studied. 相似文献
83.
Mozammel M. Hoque Kazuyuki Inubushi Shu Miura Kazuhiko Kobayashi Han-Yong Kim Masumi Okada Shingo Yabashi 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2001,34(6):453-459
An experiment was conducted in an Andosol paddy field in Shizukuishi (Iwate Prefecture, Japan) to determine the effects of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on biological N2-fixation activity and soil microbial biomass C at three levels of N application. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akitakomachi) plants were grown under ambient CO2 or FACE (ambient +200 µmol mol-1 CO2) conditions throughout the growing season with each treatment having four replicated plots. Three levels of N fertilizer (high, standard and low; 15, 9 and 4 g N m-2, respectively) were applied to examine the effect of different N availability under both CO2 conditions. Soil samples were collected at four different times from upper and lower soil layers (0-1-cm and 1-10-cm soil depths, respectively) and analysed for biological N2-fixation (BNF) activity and microbial biomass C (MBC) by the acetylene reduction and chloroform fumigation-extraction methods, respectively. The amounts of chlorophyll-type compounds (Chls), an index of algal growth, and soil available C were also determined. Compared to the ambient CO2 treatment, the FACE treatment had significantly higher BNF activity in both the upper and lower soil layers at ripening only in low-N soil and at harvest at all three levels of N fertilization rates. MBC was significantly increased by FACE in both the upper and lower soil layers from the middle to later period of the growing season compared to the ambient CO2 treatment. The FACE treatment increased the Chls in the upper soil layers at ripening only in low-N soil and at harvest at all three levels of N fertilization rates. The amount of soil available C was not significantly different between FACE and ambient CO2 treatments in both the upper and lower soil layers throughout the cropping season. From these results it can be concluded that the FACE treatment had a significantly positive influence on BNF activity, MBC and Chls at different levels of N fertilization rates in paddy field during the cropping season. 相似文献
84.
Heavy doses of N fertilizers are commonly applied to green tea fields in Japan, and cause large amount of nitrate leaching
in ground water and emission of ammonia and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. The Denitrification and Decomposition (DNDC) model was tested against experimental data on N2O emissions from the tea field in Nishio, Aichi, Japan. There were reasonable agreements between the simulated and measured
values of N2O emissions for this site. The model was then applied for estimating the environmental impacts as affected by farm management
practices, climate change, and soil properties. The model results were assessed with respect to major indicators of agro-ecosystems
including crop yield, soil organic carbon sequestration, nitrate leaching loss, and N2O emission. The results indicated that use of compost significantly reduced nitrate leaching and N2O emissions in comparison with N fertilizer. When soil pH and texture shifted to non-acidic and coarser soil, N2O emission increased; and a change in temperature and precipitation affected N2O emission, nitrate leaching, and SOC sequestration. This study thus revealed the biogeochemistry model as a powerful tool
in addressing the complex efficacy of the alternative farm management practices in tea fields across various climate and soil
conditions. 相似文献
85.
Kobayashi N Fujiwara T Westerman KA Inoue Y Sakaguchi M Noguchi H Miyazaki M Cai J Tanaka N Fox IJ Leboulch P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,287(5456):1258-1262
Because of a critical shortage in suitable organs, many patients with terminal liver disease die each year before liver transplantation can be performed. Transplantation of isolated hepatocytes has been proposed for the temporary metabolic support of patients awaiting liver transplantation or spontaneous reversion of their liver disease. A major limitation of this form of therapy is the present inability to isolate an adequate number of transplantable hepatocytes. A highly differentiated cell line, NKNT-3, was generated by retroviral transfer in normal primary adult human hepatocytes of an immortalizing gene that can be subsequently and completely excised by Cre/Lox site-specific recombination. When transplanted into the spleen of rats under transient immunosuppression, reversibly immortalized NKNT-3 cells provided life-saving metabolic support during acute liver failure induced by 90% hepatectomy. 相似文献
86.
A 49-kilodalton phosphoprotein in the Drosophila photoreceptor is an arrestin homolog 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
T Yamada Y Takeuchi N Komori H Kobayashi Y Sakai Y Hotta H Matsumoto 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,248(4954):483-486
The gene encoding the 49-kilodalton protein that undergoes light-induced phosphorylation in the Drosophila photoreceptor has been isolated and characterized. The encoded protein has 401 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 44,972 daltons, and it shares approximately 42 percent amino acid sequence identity with arrestin (S-antigen), which has been proposed to quench the light-induced cascade of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate hydrolysis in vertebrate photoreceptors. Unlike the 49-kilodalton protein, however, arrestin, which appears to bind to phosphorylated rhodopsin, has not itself been reported to undergo phosphorylation. In vitro, Ca2+ was the only agent found that would stimulate the phosphorylation of the 49-kilodalton protein. The phosphorylation of this arrestin-like protein in vivo may therefore be triggered by a Ca2+ signal that is likely to be regulated by light-activated phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. 相似文献
87.
Sex determination in the Drosophila germ line is regulated by both the sex of the surrounding soma and cell-autonomous cues. How primordial germ cells (PGCs) initiate sexual development via cell-autonomous mechanisms is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that, in Drosophila, the Sex lethal (Sxl) gene acts autonomously in PGCs to induce female development. Sxl is transiently expressed in PGCs during their migration to the gonads; this expression, which was detected only in XX PGCs, is necessary for PGCs to assume a female fate. Ectopic expression of Sxl in XY PGCs was sufficient to induce them to enter oogenesis and produce functional eggs when transplanted into an XX host. Our data provide powerful evidence that Sxl initiates female germline fate during sexual development. 相似文献
88.
89.
Sekitani T Noguchi Y Hata K Fukushima T Aida T Someya T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5895):1468-1472
By using an ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, we uniformly dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as chemically stable dopants in a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer matrix to form a composite film. We found that the SWNT content can be increased up to 20 weight percent without reducing the mechanical flexibility or softness of the copolymer. The SWNT composite film was coated with dimethyl-siloxane-based rubber, which exhibited a conductivity of 57 siemens per centimeter and a stretchability of 134%. Further, the elastic conductor was integrated with printed organic transistors to fabricate a rubberlike active matrix with an effective area of 20 by 20 square centimeters. The active matrix sheet can be uniaxially and biaxially stretched by 70% without mechanical or electrical damage. The elastic conductor allows for the construction of electronic integrated circuits, which can be mounted anywhere, including arbitrary curved surfaces and movable parts, such as the joints of a robot's arm. 相似文献
90.
Crackower MA Kolas NK Noguchi J Sarao R Kikuchi K Kaneko H Kobayashi E Kawai Y Kozieradzki I Landers R Mo R Hui CC Nieves E Cohen PE Osborne LR Wada T Kunieda T Moens PB Penninger JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5623):1291-1295
Meiosis is a critical stage of gametogenesis in which alignment and synapsis of chromosomal pairs occur, allowing for the recombination of maternal and paternal genomes. Here we show that FK506 binding protein (Fkbp6) localizes to meiotic chromosome cores and regions of homologous chromosome synapsis. Targeted inactivation of Fkbp6 in mice results in aspermic males and the absence of normal pachytene spermatocytes. Moreover, we identified the deletion of Fkbp6 exon 8 as the causative mutation in spontaneously male sterile as/as mutant rats. Loss of Fkbp6 results in abnormal pairing and misalignments between homologous chromosomes, nonhomologous partner switches, and autosynapsis of X chromosome cores in meiotic spermatocytes. Fertility and meiosis are normal in Fkbp6 mutant females. Thus, Fkbp6 is a component of the synaptonemal complex essential for sex-specific fertility and for the fidelity of homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis. 相似文献