THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN SOURCE AND CONCENTRATION ON THE GROWTH AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF PRIVET     

G. V. Subbarao  R. M. Wheeler  G. W. Stutte  L. H. Levine 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(11):1745-1761

Abstract

Sodium (Na) movement between plants and humans is one of the more critical aspects of bioregenerative systems of life support, which NASA is studying for the establishment of long‐term bases on the Lunar or Martian surface. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which Na can replace potassium (K) in red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp vulgaris) without adversely affecting metabolic functions such as water relations, photosynthetic rates, and thus growth. Two cultivars, Ruby Queen and Klein Bol, were grown for 42 days at 1200 μmol mol^?1 CO₂ in a growth chamber using a re‐circulating nutrient film technique with 0%, 75%, 95%, and 98% Na substitution for K in a modified half‐strength Hoagland solution. Total biomass of Ruby Queen was greatest at 95% Na substitution and equal at 0% and 98% Na substitution. For Klein Bol, there was a 75% reduction in total biomass at 98% Na substitution. Nearly 95% of the total plant K was replaced with Na at 98% Na substitution in both cultivars. Potassium concentrations in leaves decreased from 120 g kg^?1 dwt in 0% Na substitution to 3.5 g kg^?1 dwt at 98% Na substitution. Leaf chlorophyll concentration, photosynthetic rate, and osmotic potential were not affected in either cultivar by Na substitution for K. Leaf glycinebetaine levels were doubled at 75% Na substitution in Klein Bol, but decreased at higher levels of Na substitution. For Ruby Queen, glycinebetaine levels in leaf increased with the first increase of Na levels and were maintained at the higher Na levels. These results indicate that in some cultivars of red beet, 95% of the normal tissue K can be replaced by Na without a reduction in growth.  相似文献   

Low potassium enhances sodium uptake in red‐beet under moderate saline conditions     

G. V. Subbarao  R. M. Wheeler  G. W. Stutte  L. H. Levine 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1449-1470

Abstract

Due to the discrepancy in metabolic sodium (Na) requirements between plants and animals, cycling of Na between humans and plants is limited and critical to the proper functioning of bio‐regenerative life support systems, being considered for long‐term human habitats in space (e.g., Martian bases). This study was conducted to determine the effects of limited potassium (K) on growth, Na uptake, photosynthesis, ionic partitioning, and water relations of red‐beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) under moderate Na‐saline conditions. Two cultivars, Klein Bol, and Ruby Queen were grown for 42 days in a growth chamber using a re‐circulating nutrient film technique where the supplied K levels were 5.0, 1.25, 0.25, and 0.10 mM in a modified half‐strength Hoagland solution salinized with 50 mM NaCl. Reducing K levels from 5.0 to 0.10 mM quadrupled the Na uptake, and lamina Na levels reached ‐20 g kg^?1 dwt. Lamina K levels decreased from ‐60 g kg^?1 dwt at 5.0 mM K to ‐4.0 g kg^?1 dwt at 0.10 mM K. Ruby Queen and Klein Bol responded differently to these changes in Na and K status. Klein Bol showed a linear decline in dry matter production with a decrease in available K, whereas for cv. Ruby Queen, growth was stimulated at 1.25 mM K and relatively insensitive to a further decreases of K down to 0.10 mM. Leaf glycinebetaine levels showed no significant response to the changing K treatments. Leaf relative water content and osmotic potential were significantly higher for both cultivars at low‐K treatments. Leaf chlorophyll levels were significantly decreased at low‐K treatments, but leaf photosynthetic rates showed no significant difference. No substantial changes were observed in the total cation concentration of plant tissues despite major shifts in the relative Na and K uptake at various K levels. Sodium accounted for 90% of the total cation uptake at the low K levels, and thus Na was likely replacing K in osmotic functions without negatively affecting the plant water status, or growth. Our results also suggest that cv. Ruby Queen can tolerate a much higher Na tissue concentration than cv. Klein Bol before there is any growth reduction.  相似文献   

Influence of cultivar resistance toVerticillium SPP. On potato early dying     

T. A. Wheeler  R. C. Rowe  R. M. Riedel  L. V. Madden 《American Journal of Potato Research》1994,71(1):39-57

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Utilization of potatoes for life support systems in space. IV. Effect of CO2 enrichment     

R. M. Wheeler  T. W. Tibbitts 《American Journal of Potato Research》1989,66(1):25-34

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The effect of cultivar on the rate and extent of combining pea straw degradability examined in vitro using the Reading Pressure Technique     

F. L. Mould  G. Hervás  E. Owen  T. R. Wheeler  N. O. Smith  & R. J. Summerfield 《Grass and Forage Science》2001,56(4):374-382

Although about 225 000 t dry matter (DM) pea straw is produced annually in the UK, no recent data exist with respect to its nutritive value when offered to ruminants. This study, to examine field pea crop waste (straw) from 12 commercial cultivars of combining peas, was therefore undertaken when material grown as part of a European field pea network trial at Reading in 1998 was made available. The straw was subjected to chemical analysis and examined in vitro using the Reading Pressure Technique to generate gas production profiles and to determine both rate and extent of DM and organic matter degradation. Ash and crude protein (CP) concentrations (69 and 65 g kg^–1 DM) were generally lower than published values for legume straws but higher, especially CP, than cereal straws. Neutral‐detergent fibre concentrations were slightly lower, and metabolizable energy (ME) values, derived from degradable organic matter assessed in vitro (iOMD), higher than cereal straws, ranging from 6·0 to 8·1 MJ ME kg^–1 DM. Both cumulative gas production and rate of gas release varied significantly between cultivars, as did degradation with 96‐h iOMD values ranging from 468 to 602 g kg^–1. By combining these with the quantity of material harvested, ME yields for the different cultivars were found to range from 15 to 27 GJ ME ha^–1. Considerable, and general highly significant, variation was found between the cultivars examined, which may be used to rank straws with respect to their nutritive value. The cultivars Baccara and Solara followed by Athos and Vital were readily ranked higher than the other cultivars in terms of in vitro fermentation parameters and ME yields. These data suggest that pea straw, although often incorporated into the soil in post‐harvest operations, shows excellent potential as a ruminant forage feedstuff.  相似文献   

The Onaway potato,an early variety     

E. J. Wheeler  R. V. Akeley 《American Journal of Potato Research》1961,38(10):353-355

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Sectional notes     

H. W. Poulsen  H. G. Zuckerman  C. H. Metzger  W. B. Ward  W. C. Edmundson  E. R. Bennet  R. A. Jehle  A. B. Beaumont  John S. Gardner  E. L. Newdick  Frank W. Hussey  E. J. Wheeler  H. C. Moore  Marx Koehnke  A. G. Tolaas  E. E. Isaac  H. O. Werner  O. Butler  William H. Martin  K. H. Fernow  E. R. Jackman  E. B. Tussing  E. V. Hardenburg  J. B. R. Dickey  K. H. Klages  G. S. Ralston  H. L. Bailey  John Tucker 《American Journal of Potato Research》1934,11(8):207-226

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Potato notes     

J. T. Rosa  E. A. Stokdyk  H. J. Wheeler  J. F. Hockey  H. O. Werner  W. H. Martin  O. G. Bowen  J. Gilbert Barton  Wm. B. Duryee  J. C. Crissey  A. H. C. Odell  C. R. Inglee  Julian A. Dimock  H. H. Zimmerly  George L. Zundel 《American Journal of Potato Research》1924,1(8):143-151

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QTL for IHNV resistance and growth identified in a rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) × Yellowstone cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) trout cross     

Renata M. Barroso  Paul A. Wheeler  Scott E. LaPatra  Robert E. Drew  Gary H. Thorgaard   《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2008,277(3-4):156-163

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a major constraint to rainbow trout culture. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) have greater resistance to this virus than do rainbow trout (O. mykiss), but the genetic mechanism of this resistance is not understood. We conducted a genome scan using a backcross of cutthroat trout into a rainbow trout background to estimate the number and locations of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with IHNV resistance and growth in trout. IHNV resistance was considered in terms of both survival (binary trait) and days to death (quantitative trait). The genetic map was scanned using interval mapping via two different approaches: one model considered survival alone and a second two-part model combined both survival and days to death. Three QTL were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with virus resistance genome-wide, explaining 32.5% of the phenotypic variation. Cutthroat alleles at two of these QTL resulted in increased resistance to the pathogen, as expected. No growth QTL were detected in this cross. We suggest that these traits are genetically independent.  相似文献   

Serum concentrations of thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, thyrotropin, and prolactin in dogs before and after thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration     

J Kaufman  P N Olson  T J Reimers  T A Allen  S F Soderberg  T M Nett  S L Wheeler  W E Wingfield 《American journal of veterinary research》1985,46(2):486-492

Serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin, thyroxine, and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in 15 euthyroid dogs and 5 thyroidectomized and propylthiouracil-treated dogs after thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration were measured. Although thyroidectomized and propylthiouracil-treated dogs had higher (P less than 0.01) base-line concentrations of TSH in serum than did euthyroid dogs, concentrations of TSH after TRH administration varied at 7.5, 15, and 30 minutes with 14 of 45 samples obtained from healthy dogs having lower TSH concentrations than before TRH challenge. Similarly, concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in the serum of euthyroid dogs 4 hours after TRH administration were similar (P less than 0.05) to concentrations before TRH challenge. Although the mean concentration of thyroxine in serum was elevated (P less than 0.05) 4 hours after administration of TRH to euthyroid animals, as compared with base-line levels, the individual response was variable with concentrations not changing or decreasing in 4 dogs. Therefore, the TRH challenge test as performed in the current investigation was of limited value in evaluating canine pituitary gland function. Although mean concentrations of TSH in serum were higher (P less than 0.05) in euthyroid dogs after TRH administration, the response was too variable among individual animals for accurate evaluation of pituitary gland function. Concentrations of prolactin in the sera of dogs after TRH administration, confirmed previous reports that exogenously administered TRH results in prolactin release from the canine pituitary and indicated that the TRH used was biologically potent.  相似文献