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11.
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO), an important biological messenger from L-arginine. There are considerable evidence showing the expression of NOS in mammalian tissues. Information on distribution of NOS activities in various organs and tissues of fish is rare. Non-functional NOS activities were documented in fish semi-quantitatively either by an indirect nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity histochemical staining method or by an immunohistochemical method using a cross-reacting antibody to brain NOS. Report on the functional levels of NOS activities in fish is lacking. This report represent the first attempt to document the functional NOS levels in various fish organs and tissues. Constitutive NOS (cNOS) activities in various organs of big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was measured by a chemiluminescence method with a detection limit as low as 10 mol of NO produced. It was found that constitutive NOS activity was highest in the brain, followed by the intestine, stomach, retina, olfactory lobe, swim bladder, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, ovary and liver. NOS activity could not be detected in the gill filaments. Omission of NADPH in the reaction mixture caused a 57–100% decrease in cNOS activities. However, omission of arginine in the mixture only caused a 56–87% drop in cNOS activities. When compared with cNOS activities documented from other species, a similar pattern of cNOS activities in the various organs and tissues of big-head carp could be seen. 相似文献
12.
Soon-An Ong Li-Ngee Ho Yee-Shian Wong Komalathevi Raman 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(4):1615-1623
Combinations of sequential anaerobic and aerobic process enhance the treatment of textile wastewater. The aim of this study
was to investigate the treatment of diazo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5)-containing wastewater using granular activated carbon
(GAC)–biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an integration of aerobic and anaerobic process in a single reactor. The GAC–biofilm
SBR system demonstrated higher removal of COD, RB5 and aromatic amines. It was observed that the RB5 removal efficiency improved
as the concentration of co-substrate in the influent increased. The alternative aeration introduced into the bioreactor enhanced
mineralization of aromatic amines. Degradation of RB5 and co-substrate followed second-order kinetic and the constant (k
2) values for COD and RB5 decreased from 0.002 to 0.001 and 0.004 to 0.001 l/mg h, respectively, as the RB5 concentration increased
from 100 to 200 mg/l in the GAC–biofilm SBR system. 相似文献
13.
通过对香港地区53个土壤样品多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的分析,并利用GIS空间数据管理功能,揭示了香港土壤中PAHs的含量和空间分布特征,同时,运用比值法定性地判断了土壤中PAHs的来源。研究结果表明:香港土壤中可以检测出16种美国环保署规定的优控PAHs中的15种(二苯并(a,h)蒽未被检测到),郊野土壤中PAHs的平均含量为34.2±16.0μg kg-1,而城区土壤中PAHs的平均含量为169±123μg kg-1,港岛动植物公园土壤中的苯并(a)芘的含量最高达到了47.2μg kg-1。在PAHs的来源上,前者的PAHs可能主要来自山火焚烧,而后者可能主要与城区的汽车尾气排放有密切的联系。 相似文献
14.
A novel fibrinolytic enzyme was purified from fermented shrimp paste, a popular seasoning used in Asian countries. The enzyme is a monomer with an apparent molecular weight of 18 kDa, and it is composed primarily of beta-sheet and random coils. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined to be DPYEEPGPCENLQVA. It is a neutral protease with an optimal activity from pH 3 to 7. No inhibition was observed with PMSF, Pepstatin A, E64, and 1,10-phenanthroline, but the enzyme was slightly inhibited by EDTA and Cu(2+). It was relatively specific to fibrin or fibrinogen as a protein substrate, yet it hydrolyzed none of the plasma proteins in the studies. In vitro, the enzyme was resistant to pepsin and trypsin digestion. It also had an anticoagulant activity measured with activated partial thrombin time and prothrombin time tests. The novel fibrinolytic enzyme derived from traditional Asian foods is useful for thrombolytic therapy. In addition, this enzyme has a significant potential for food fortification and nutraceutical applications, such that its use could effectively prevent cardiovascular diseases. 相似文献
15.
An understanding of the effects of salinity and sodicity on soil carbon (C) stocks and fluxes is critical in environmental
management, as the areal extents of salinity and sodicity are predicted to increase. The effects of salinity and sodicity
on the soil microbial biomass (SMB) and soil respiration were assessed over 12weeks under controlled conditions by subjecting
disturbed soil samples from a vegetated soil profile to leaching with one of six salt solutions; a combination of low-salinity
(0.5dSm−1), mid-salinity (10dSm−1), or high-salinity (30dSm−1), with either low-sodicity (sodium adsorption ratio, SAR, 1), or high-sodicity (SAR 30) to give six treatments: control (low-salinity
low-sodicity); low-salinity high-sodicity; mid-salinity low-sodicity; mid-salinity high-sodicity; high-salinity low-sodicity;
and high-salinity high-sodicity. Soil respiration rate was highest (56–80mg CO2-C kg−1 soil) in the low-salinity treatments and lowest (1–5mg CO2-C kg−1 soil) in the mid-salinity treatments, while the SMB was highest in the high-salinity treatments (459–565mg kg−1 soil) and lowest in the low-salinity treatments (158–172mg kg−1 soil). This was attributed to increased substrate availability with high salt concentrations through either increased dispersion
of soil aggregates or dissolution or hydrolysis of soil organic matter, which may offset some of the stresses placed on the
microbial population from high salt concentrations. The apparent disparity in trends in respiration and the SMB may be due
to an induced shift in the microbial population, from one dominated by more active microorganisms to one dominated by less
active microorganisms. 相似文献
16.
Krystina D. Mossop Nicholas P. Moran David G. Chapple Bob B. M. Wong 《Landscape Ecology》2017,32(5):1065-1078
Context
Dispersal has important fitness consequences for individuals, populations, and species. Despite growing theoretical insights into the evolution of dispersal, its behavioral underpinnings remain empirically understudied, limiting our understanding of the extent and impact of responses to landscape-level heterogeneity of environments, and increasing the risk of inferring species-level responses from biased population sampling.Objectives
We asked if predictable ecological variation among naturally fragmented arid waterbodies is correlated with disparate dispersal responses of populations of the desert goby Chlamydogobius eremius, which naturally inhabits two habitat “types” (permanent springs, ephemeral rivers), and different levels of hydrological connectivity (high and low) that potentially convey different costs and benefits of dispersal.Methods
To test for possible behavioral divergence between such populations, we experimentally compared the movement behaviors (correlates of emigration and exploration) of wild-caught fish. We used two biologically relevant spatial scales to test movement relevant to different stages of the dispersal process.Results
Behavior differed at both spatial scales, suggesting that alternative dispersal strategies enable desert gobies to exploit diverse habitat patches. However, while emigration was best predicted by the connectivity (flood risk) of fish habitats, exploration was linked to their habitat type (spring versus river).Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate that despite a complex picture of ecological variation, key landscape factors have an overarching effect on among-population variation in dispersal traits. Implications include the maintenance of within-species variation, potentially divergent evolutionary trajectories of naturally or anthropogenically isolated populations, and the direction of future experimental studies on the ecology and evolution of dispersal behavior.17.
18.
C. R. Wilson † J. A. deLittle J. A. L. Wong P. J. Schupp L. J. Gibson 《Plant pathology》2005,54(3):393-400
The use of soil-surface applications of finely powdered calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to inhibit Sclerotinia minor sclerotial germination and infection at the collar region of lettuce plants is described. In the laboratory, a pH > 8·0 reduced sclerotial germination of the three S. minor isolates tested. In the glasshouse, surface applications of 2–10 t Ca(OH)2 ha−1 raised the pH of the top 1–2 cm of a duplex sandy loam soil above 8·5 for at least 8 weeks without affecting soil pH within the transplant root zone. There was a linear relationship between the rate of Ca(OH)2 applied and disease control, with complete disease suppression at 10 t Ca(OH)2 ha−1. In field trials on two soil types (duplex sandy loam, pH 6·0; and red ferrosol, pH 6·9), a rate of 2·5 t Ca(OH)2 ha−1, maintained soil-surface pH above 8·5 for 1–3 weeks and provided up to 58% reduction in lettuce drop. Application of polyvinyl alcohol (a soil-conditioning polymer) over the Ca(OH)2 layer appeared to reduce Ca(OH)2 loss by wind, but did not improve retention of raised soil-surface pH or disease suppression. Ca(OH)2 treatment gave similar disease control to the industry standard treatment of a procymidone-based fungicide seedling drench. A combined treatment of Ca(OH)2 and fungicide drench gave greater control than either individual treatment, and equivalent control to fungicide drench and three procymidone foliar sprays, offering integrated management options. The use of soil-surface-applied Ca(OH)2 with fungicides, rotation and drip irrigation offers an opportunity for enhanced and sustainable control of lettuce drop. 相似文献
19.
Peter J. Holloway Wilson W.-C. Wong Hazel J. Partridge David Seaman Richard B. Perry 《Pest management science》1992,34(2):109-118
The influence of a number of commercial nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants on the foliar penetration and movement of two systemic fungicides, ethirimol and diclobutrazol, was studied in outdoor-grown wheat plants at different growth stages and post-treatment temperatures in two consecutive growing seasons. Both fungicides were applied as ca 0·2 μl droplets of aqueous suspension formulations containing 0·5 g litre?1 of 14C-labelled active ingredient; surfactants were added to these suspensions at concentrations ranging from 0·2-10 g litre?1. To achieve optimum uptake of each fungicide the use of surfactants with different physicochemical properties was required. For diclobutrazol, a lipophilic compound, uptake of radiolabel was best with surfactants of low mean molar ethylene oxide (E) content (5-6) but it was necessary to use concentrations of ca 5 g litre?1 to attain this. The surfactant threshold concentration for uptake enhancement of radiolabel from ethirimol formulations (< 2 g litre?1) was much lower than that for diclobutrazol but surfactants with E contents > 10 induced the greatest amount of uptake. For both fungicides, surfactants with an aliphatic alcohol hydrophobe were generally more efficient in promoting their uptake than those with a nonylphenol moiety. The sorbitan-based surfactant ‘Tween 20’ proved to be an effective adjuvant only for the ethirimol formulation; the uptake enhancing properties of the block copolymer ‘Synperonic PE/F68’ were weak. Uptake performance could not be related to the spreading properties of the respective formulations on the wheat leaf surface or to differences in solubilisation of the two fungicides by the surfactants. Although surfactants could substantially increase the amount of acropetal transport of radiolabel from both fungicides, none of those tested specifically promoted it; a constant proportion of the radioactive dose absorbed by a treated leaf was usually exported away from the site of application. The results are discussed in the light of current theories about the mode of action of surfactants as spray adjuvants. 相似文献
20.
Lo Fo Wong DM Dahl J van der Wolf PJ Wingstrand A Leontides L von Altrock A 《Veterinary microbiology》2003,97(3-4):201-214
The aim of this study was to assess the probability of detecting Salmonella from pen faecal samples in seropositive classified finishing pig herds. The study involved 77 herds from Denmark (20), The Netherlands (20), Greece (17) and Germany (20). The serological herd status was determined by the blood-sampling of 50 finishing pigs. Bacteriological sampling was performed by 20 pen faecal samples per herd. Over-all, 47% of the blood samples had an OD% larger than 10 and 23% larger than 40. Salmonella was isolated from 135 (9.3%) pen faecal samples in 32 herds (42%). Twenty-eight of these herds (87.5%) had a within-herd seroprevalence larger than 50% at sample cut-off OD% > 10. In our study, there was an increasing probability of recovering Salmonella with increasing within-herd seroprevalence. However, this was only a moderate correlation. A correlation coefficient of 0.62 was found between the proportion of culture positive- and seropositive samples in a herd at cut-off OD%> 10 and of 0.58 at cut-off OD% > 40. Serology is a measure of historical exposure, which may or may not correlate closely to the microbiological burden at the time of sampling. Due to the low sensitivity of culture methods, apparent 'false-positive' serological results may well represent real infections not detected by bacteriological testing. For screening purposes, serological testing provides an indication of exposure to Salmonella, which forms the basis for targeted sampling, intervention and logistic slaughter procedures. 相似文献