Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations     

Dani Cohen  Uri Shamir  Gideon Sinai 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2004,18(3):227-253

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.  相似文献   

“WaterMan”: an on-farm water management game with heuristic capabilities     

Mohammed Z. Shaban  Gary P. Merkley 《Irrigation Science》2016,34(6):483-499

A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game.  相似文献   

基于视觉测量的挖掘机工作装置姿态测量系统     

王海波  邹海龙  张如照 《农业机械学报》2015,46(4):302-308

提出了一种基于视觉测量的挖掘机工作装置姿态测量方法。使用工业相机获取工作装置侧视图像,采用鞍点检测方法快速捕捉工作臂上的人工靶标;将靶标间的固定几何尺寸关系作为约束条件筛选出靶标中的鞍点并计算相应工作臂的姿态角;通过预判靶标的运动范围以缩小图像检测区域,提高算法处理速度。试验表明,与挖掘机上原有的拉线传感器测量系统相比较,动臂和斗杆姿态角动态测量偏差分别小于1°和2°,处理每帧工作装置运动图像平均用时在100 ms以内,验证了该方法对挖掘机工作装置姿态测量的可行性。  相似文献   

从人性论角度审视体育教育中的学生     

邹海燕  丁林涛 《高等农业教育》2007,(10):73-75

从人性论基础出发,在对体育教育中传统的人的形象进行反思和批判的基础上提出了"游戏人"的新形象.从"游戏人"的角度来看,体育教育中的学生是生成的,多样的,开放的,变化的.体育教师在教学实践中,必须保持开放灵活的态度,用新的眼光观察学生,思考学生,培养学生.  相似文献   

大都市郊区土地利用时空演变特征与生境质量评价   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

石小伟  冯广京  苏培添  何改丽  邹逸江  王小锋 《农业工程学报》2021,37(4):275-284

为探究大都市郊区"土地利用-生境质量"可持续机制,以天津市郊区武清区为例,通过分析1980—2018年的土地利用数据,以In VEST模型对其进行Habitat Quality模块水平数值测度,研究京津都市圈发展对大都市郊区土地利用转型与生境质量的影响。研究结果:1)1980—2018年武清区土地利用类型以耕地为主导,但耕地面积下降明显,城镇用地和农村居民点用地面积快速增长,未利用地面积大幅缩减,林地和草地占比较小。2)武清区土地利用类型转换剧烈,耕地转移面积最大,林地和草地集中向城镇用地和农村居民点用地转移,水域集中转向耕地,城镇用地和农村居民点用地转移面积较大,未利用地转换面积较小,但转移概率最为剧烈。3)武清区土地利用综合动态度增长了2.87%,具体表现为城镇用地、农村居民点用地和水域的土地利用变化速率保持正向增长,耕地变化速率呈现负增长。4)总体上,武清区呈现出"城扩耕缩"、"人进草退"的态势,但局部年份也有"草进水进"的转态;武清区生境质量处于中等级,但中等级面积趋于下降,低等级生境质量面积趋于上升,较低等级面积较小且呈下降趋势,较高和高等级生境质量区面积趋于扩大;生境质量低值区以武清城区为核心集中分布,且零星分布于武清区东北、西北地区;生境质量高值区集中分布于武清区东部。研究表明:在我国推进新型城镇化发展,特别是加强跨区域都市圈建设中,应当严格保护大都市郊区生态源地,统筹调控大都市郊区生态安全分区,推进大都市郊区生态廊道和全域生态节点建设。  相似文献   

基于网络RTK的离心式无人机变量施药可行性初探     

漆海霞  周靖康  李承杰  陈鹏超  梁钰  黄桂珍  邹军 《农业工程学报》2021,37(9):81-89

针对植保无人机施药准确性和作业效率需求的提高,验证网络实时动态(Real-Time Kinematic,RTK)载波差分技术在无人机施药上的可行性,设计了一种基于网络RTK的离心式变量施药系统。采用STM32F103为控制核心,通过串口获取GPS定位信息,并连接DTU模块实现网络RTK技术,通过脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)技术调节占空比的大小,从而调节离心喷头的转速以及蠕动泵的流量。系统在工作时,通过农情信息完成处方图构建,通过高精度GPS模块获取经纬度信息,在施药过程中系统实时检索无人机所在位置,调出处方决策信息,按照处方信息调节离心喷头和蠕动泵的输出比例,从而控制无人机的施药粒径大小和施药量大小,并将作业数据上传至监控平台。通过试验表明系统能正确执行变量施药任务;在使用离心喷头进行变量施药任务时,受到系统稳定性和离心喷头特性的影响,在处方交界区域会存在一个不稳定区域;离心喷头在较高转速下进行变化时,在处方交界区域粒径大小的变化越平滑。该结果满足预期试验设计,可为植保无人机变量施药技术改良提供基础与参考。  相似文献   

无人机点射式水稻播种装置控制系统设计与试验     

何伟灼  刘威  姜锐  顾庆宇  黄俊浩  邹帅帅  徐学浪  周志艳 《农业工程学报》2022,38(18):51-61

针对当前无人机水稻撒播难以成行成穴、落种易受旋翼风场干扰和播种均匀性不佳等问题,该研究结合点射式水稻播种装置和飞行控制器设计了一套播种控制系统,开发了配套的地面站功能,并制作了样机。控制系统基于PID算法实现排种器步进电机的转速闭环控制,通过标定模型对振动电机激振力和摩擦轮电机转速进行控制,并根据状态机设计播种控制程序。以3倍丸粒化稻种为对象,从播种量准确性、播种成行性和播种均匀性3个方面对样机的播种性能进行验证并优选合适的播种参数。试验结果表明：无人机模拟飞行的播种量准确性测试中,样机以1.0～2.5 m/s的作业速度进行播种时,播种量的平均相对误差小于4%,控制系统具有较好的动态调节能力。实地飞播测试中,样机以1.0和1.5 m的高度播种时,种子分布在12 cm种行宽度内的平均概率超过80%,成行性较好。考虑安全因素,优选1.5 m为样机的适宜作业高度。在作业高度为1.5 m,3倍丸粒化稻种的播种量为90～150 kg/hm2（对应裸种的播种量22.5～37.5 kg/hm2）,作业速度为0.5～2.0 m/s时,播种均匀性变异系数为20.51%～35.52%。进一步分析发现,适当提升作业速度可提高播种均匀性。田间试验结果表明,播种量的相对误差分别为2.47%和4.12%,播种均匀性变异系数分别为22.17%和21.82%,种子破损率分别为0.34%和0.18%,满足相关标准的水稻飞播精度控制要求。研究结果可为无人机水稻直播技术提供参考。  相似文献   

雨养烟叶种植田无机氮淋溶特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘青丽  邹焱  李志宏  蒋雨洲  朱经伟  石俊雄  陈曦  张云贵 《农业工程学报》2020,36(7):141-148

为了解烤烟种植下土壤氮淋溶与大田作物差异,评价烟田常规养分管理,探寻烟田无机氮淋溶的阻控策略。以贵州龙岗长期定位试验为平台,于2015—2017年开展常规管理下烟田氮素淋失及其影响因素研究。试验设5个处理:不施肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、化肥+厩肥(NPK+M)、化肥+连作(NPK+L)、化肥+生物有机肥(NPK+BM)。结果表明,烟田全年无机氮淋溶量为3.62~6.08 kg/hm^2,氮肥净淋溶率为0.09%~3.29%。无机氮的淋溶损失主要发生在烤烟生长季,尤其是5—6月,其占总淋溶量的40.33%~65.86%。烟田淋溶液中氮素形态主要是有机态,无机氮的比例平均仅为29.83%,缓苗期和旺长期(5—6月)淋溶液中无机氮比例高于烤烟成熟期(7—8月),前者无机氮比例平均33.00%,后者其平均为26.67%。降雨是影响烟田淋溶损失的主要因素,无机氮淋溶量与月降雨量呈非线性相关。施用化肥导致无机氮淋溶显著升高,有机肥配施化肥降低了土壤溶液淋溶,降低了氮肥淋溶损失。与烤烟玉米轮作处理相比,烤烟连作处理显著降低了土壤水淋溶,使氮肥净淋溶率降低59.57%。综上,目前烤烟常规管理下,雨养农业区烟田无机氮淋溶强度不高,受降雨影响大,应注重有机无机配施降低无机氮淋溶,在养分管理中考虑如何降低有机氮淋溶,以提高氮素养分供应量。  相似文献   

PCB removal,soil enzyme activities,and microbial community structures during the phytoremediation by alfalfa in field soils   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

Chen Tu  Ying Teng  Yongming Luo  Xianghui Sun  Shaopo Deng  Zhengao Li  Wuxing Liu  Zhihong Xu 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(4):649-656

Purpose  

An in situ phytoremediation trial was developed in order to investigate the function of alfalfa during a 2-year bioremediation of an agricultural soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The study was conducted with the aim to better understand the application potential of PCB phytoremediation at field scale.  相似文献   

电解质浓度对土壤吸附铜离子时氢离子释放的影响     

邹献中  张超兰  魏岚  宁建凤  杨少海 《土壤学报》2011,48(5):964-970

研究了不同铜离子浓度、不同电解质浓度情况下,吸附铜离子时氢离子释放对两种可变电荷土壤和4种恒电荷土壤悬液pH的影响。研究结果表明,除了黄棕壤外,含铁量越高,由于吸附铜离子后所引起的土壤ΔpH最大值越小。加入的铜离子浓度为10-4 mol L-1时,铜离子吸附对中和曲线形状没有根本影响。在较低浓度时,铜离子吸附时氢离子的释放较少;而在较高浓度时,当体系pH大于一临界值时,开始释放大量氢离子。氧化铁是引起恒电荷土壤和可变电荷土壤在吸附铜离子时氢离子释放差异产生的主要原因。电解质浓度的变化对恒电荷土壤和可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子后中和曲线变化影响有很大的区别,含铁量越高,电解质浓度对土壤吸附铜离子后的氢离子释放的影响越小。  相似文献