Growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio in Anatolia (Turkey), with a comparison to native and invasive areas worldwide          下载免费PDF全文

Lorenzo Vilizzi  F. Güler Ekmekçi  Ali Serhan Tarkan  Zachary J. Jackson 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2015,24(2):165-180

Common carp Cyprinus carpio occurs in several non‐native areas worldwide, where it is generally regarded as either naturalised or invasive. Anatolia (Turkey) represents a unique region for evaluating common carp growth, due both to its location at the southernmost range of expansion of the species' wild form and to most of its water bodies having been stocked with domesticated strains. Based on a review of length‐at‐age data for common carp stocks from 45 water bodies sampled between 1953 and 2007, regional patterns in growth across climates, water body types, scalation variants and sexes, along with altitudinal gradients in growth performance and mortality, were investigated. Growth rates were lower in cold and arid relative to temperate climates, and also under hot or dry summers; this was true also of the mirror relative to the scale variant, males to females, but not of water body types (i.e., man‐made reservoirs, natural lakes, water courses). Growth performance and mortality decreased with increasing altitude and decreasing temperature, likely due to optimisation of resource allocation between growth and reproduction. Growth rate of common carp from Anatolia was consistently lower compared to its native (Eurasian) and, especially, invasive (North American) counterparts, which reflected an opportunistic life‐history strategy. Lower growth rates in Anatolia were ascribed to lower resilience of the widespread mirror variant together with limited habitat for spawning in man‐made reservoirs. Better knowledge of common carp growth in Anatolia will improve stock management and conservation efforts. Further studies will help clarify the mechanisms responsible for evolutionary genotype–phenotype inter‐relationships.  相似文献   

新西兰寄生性杜鹃对短波光的视觉敏感性(英文)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zachary AIDALA  Nicola CHONG  Mark E.HAUBER 《中国鸟类》2012,3(4):295-301

不同类群的鸟类对于光线中紫外波长部分的敏感程度存在差异。在一些专性巢寄生鸟类的寄生者 - 宿主体系中,寄生卵所反射出来的紫外光对于宿主区分外源鸟卵与自己的卵具有重要作用。反过来说,对于雌性寄主而言,宿主巢中的卵能够最大程度接近自己的卵是非常有利的。虽然视觉敏感性在大多数杜鹃和牛鹂的宿主中都有描述,这些特征在寄主中却少见报道。视觉敏感性能帮助我们理解巢寄生者与宿主之间潜在的感知共进化过程的相关机制以及更好地了解每个物种相应的视觉感知生态。本研究测定了短波长敏感型(SWS1)视蛋白基因的序列来预测两种新西兰专性巢寄生杜鹃——金鹃(Chalcites [Chrysococcyx] lucidus)和长尾噪鹃(Urodynamis[Eudynamis]taitensis)的紫外光敏感性。结果表明两种杜鹃都具有SWS1视蛋白基因,而其最大敏感度集中在短波长光谱中人类可见的紫光部分,而不是紫外光。未来的研究应该关注在鸟类视觉系统下所测的巢寄生者和宿主卵的相似性以及宿主拒绝寄生卵的行为后果这两个方面,来集中探究巢寄生者与宿主之间的视觉敏感度是否匹配。  相似文献   

The dynamics of the coffee rust disease: an epidemiological approach using network theory     

John Vandermeer  Zachary Hajian-Forooshani  Ivette Perfecto 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2018,150(4):1001-1010

Dynamic modeling of plant pathogens has usually been accomplished with either a mean field or spatially explicit approach, searching generally for either broad generalization or precise prediction. In search of a qualitative intermediate that is able to query spatial particulars of transmission, we take an approximate approach using network theory. Some elements of network theory are applied to a specific case of the early spread of the coffee rust disease (agent = Hemileia vastatrix) on a single large shaded coffee farm in Chiapas, Mexico. We find that infection rates within connected components are more homogeneous than infection rates among components, suggesting that the initial stages of this disease show pattern that can be detected using simple ideas from network theory.  相似文献   

Increased microbial catabolic activity in diesel contaminated soil following addition of earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta) and compost     

Zachary A. Hickman  Brian J. Reid   《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(12):2970-2976

This study sought to assess the influence of compost and earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta) upon the level of hydrocarbon catabolism in petroleum contaminated forecourt soil (extractable petroleum hydrocarbons (EPH) 10 + 1.8 g kg⁻¹ and total 16 United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 1.62 ± 0.5 g kg⁻¹). The catabolic activity of the indigenous microorganisms within uncombined materials (soil and compost) and within the combined treatments (soil plus compost; either with or without earthworms) was assessed by ¹⁴C-radiorespirometry (¹⁴C-hexadecane, ¹⁴C-toluene and ¹⁴C-phenanthrene). Maximum levels of catabolic activity were observed (at the end of the incubation period; 84 d) for all three compounds in the combined contaminated soil, compost and earthworm mixtures. Significant (p < 0.05) enhancement factors (relative to the soil only control) in catabolic activity in the combined treatments (soil:compost (1:0.5)) of 3.6 times, 1.5 times and 3.5 times were observed for ¹⁴C-hexadecane, ¹⁴C-phenanthrene and ¹⁴C-toluene, respectively; with maximum levels of catabolic activity for these substrates being 68.6 ± 1.7%, 37.9 ± 5.3% and 85.9 ± 1.3%.  相似文献   

Impact of manganese amino acid complex on tissue-specific trace mineral distribution and corpus luteum function in gilts     

Jamie M Studer  Zoe E Kiefer  Brady M Goetz  Aileen F Keating  Lance H Baumgard  Zachary J Rambo  Wesley P Schweer  Mark E Wilson  Christof Rapp  Jason W Ross 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(8)

Functional corpora lutea (CL) are required for pregnancy establishment and gestational maintenance in swine, and CL function is susceptible to environmental influences. Manganese (Mn) could be critical in regulating CL function since it is a component of the antioxidant enzyme Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) as well as enzymes involved in cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis. We hypothesized that a more bioavailable dietary Mn source would increase Mn content in the CL thereby influencing luteal function during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Postpubertal gilts (n = 32) were assigned to one of four gestation diets. The control diet (CON) met or exceeded National Research Council (2012) requirements and was formulated to contain 20 parts per million (ppm) of added Mn in the form of Mn sulfate. Three additional diets included 20 (treatment [TRT]1), 40 (TRT2), or 60 (TRT3) ppm of added Mn from a Mn–amino acid complex (Availa-Mn; Zinpro Corporation) instead of Mn sulfate. Dietary treatment began at estrus synchronization onset and continued through 12 days post estrus (dpe) of the ensuing estrous cycle. Blood samples were collected at estrus onset, which was assigned as 0 dpe, as well as 4, 8, and 12 dpe. Gilts were euthanized and tissues were collected at 12 dpe. Serum progesterone (P₄) increased (P < 0.01) from 0 to 12 dpe but was unaffected by dietary treatment (P = 0.15) and there was no effect of the interaction between day and treatment (P = 0.85). Luteal Mn content increased (P ≤ 0.05) by 19%, 21%, and 24% in gilts fed TRT1, TRT2, and TRT3, respectively, compared to CON. Luteal P₄ concentrations decreased (P = 0.03) 25%, 26%, and 32% in gilts fed TRT1, TRT2, and TRT3, respectively, compared to CON. Relative to CON gilts, CL calcium content decreased (P = 0.02) by 36%, 24%, and 34% for TRT1, TRT2, and TRT3 gilts, respectively. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that feeding a more bioavailable Mn source increases Mn accumulation in CL tissue. If and how this influences CL function may be related to altered luteal P₄ concentrations.  相似文献   

The error in stream sediment phosphorus fractionation and sorption properties effected by drying pretreatments     

Simpson  Zachary P.  McDowell  Richard W.  Condron  Leo M. 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(3):1587-1597

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Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system in two canine littermates   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J F Zachary  D P O'Brien 《Veterinary pathology》1985,22(6):561-571

Progressive dysmetria was observed at four months and six months of age in two female Labrador retriever littermates. Neurological examinations indicated a cerebellar disorder. Laboratory analyses were normal. The dogs were studied clinically until they were killed for necropsy at nine months and eleven months of age. Both dogs had normal brain size, shape, and calvarial symmetry; the older dog had body weight loss, reduced brain weight, and muscle atrophy. Microscopically, there were vacuoles, hypertrophied fibrous astrocytes, myelin loss, and prominent blood vessels, distributed symmetrically in the subcortical and deep white matter of all lobes of the cerebrum; in the folial and deep white matter of the cerebellum; in the tracts of some cranial nerves; in the thalamic area, midbrain and brainstem; and in the white matter of the spinal cord. There was no significant myelinolysis, inflammation, or axonal degeneration. Ultrastructurally, there were intramyelinic vacuoles with separation of lamellae at intraperiod lines and larger spaces formed by coalescence of ruptured vacuoles. Hypertrophied fibrous astrocytes had abundant glial filaments, edematous cytosol, membrane-bound crystalline inclusions, dilated cytocavitary systems, and abnormal mitochondria. The clinical, histological, and ultrastructural findings resembled those reported for the juvenile form of Canavan's disease (van Bogaert and Bertrand type) in children.  相似文献   

A preliminary analysis of the response of an avian community to silvicultural treatments in the southern Cumberland Plateau,Alabama, USA     

Yong WANG  Adrian A. LESAK  Zachary FELIX  Callie Jo SCHWEITZER 《Integrative zoology》2006,1(3):126-129

We simulated a shelterwood forest regeneration treatment by reducing basal area, and monitored the response of an avian community in oak‐hickory forest on the southern Cumberland Plateau, northern Alabama, USA. We used five treatments: control (no removal), clear‐cut (100% removal), and 25, 50, and 75% removal of basal area. Territory mapping was used to quantify bird community between mid‐April and July of both 2002 and 2003. Microclimate variables were recorded at each plot. The residual basal area and canopy cover showed three distinct conditions after treatment: closed canopy, open forest, and clear‐cut. The microclimate varied among treatments: air temperature was highest in clear‐cut plots and lowest in control plots, whereas soil moisture had the opposite pattern. A total of 71 bird species were detected, with 36 of them defending territories. Territory density, species richness, and Shannon diversity index differed among the treatments; the relationship between these bird community indices and the level of basal area removal was quadratic, lowest in the clear‐cut plots and highest in the intermediate levels. Although species richness was similar among the control, 25, 50, and 75% removal treatments, species composition varied. The richness difference among treatments became smaller in the second year post‐treatment (2003) with an increase in bird density and richness occurring in the clear‐cut plots.  相似文献   

Inflammatory response to intramuscular implantation of polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration probes in sheep     

Imsilp K  Whittem T  Koritz GD  Zachary JF  Schaeffer DJ 《Veterinary research》2000,31(6):623-634

Polyacrylonitrile is used in the manufacture of dialysis membranes. These membranes are fundamental to the functioning of implantable probes for microdialysis and ultrafiltration sampling of tissue fluids. Although in vivo experimentation using polyacrylonitrile has been reported to cause little inflammatory response when implanted subcutaneously, such information is not available for intramuscular implantation in sheep. The procaine and benzathine salts of penicillin are formulated for intramuscular injection. These salts of penicillin or the formulation excipients may cause inflammatory reactions. Use of polyacrylonitrile probes to draw samples from sites at which these formulations have been injected may be compromised by inflammation or direct interaction between formulation excipients and the dialysis membrane. The aim of this project was to describe tissue responses to intramuscular implantation of polyacrylonitrile in the presence and absence of either procaine or procaine plus benzathine salts of penicillin G. Each of 20 normal sheep was implanted with two ultrafiltration probes, one at the site of an injection of procaine or benzathine plus procaine penicillin G. Similar injections were also made at remote intramuscular sites. After 8, 9, and 11 days of the experiment, sheep were killed and the injection and implantation site muscle were excised and prepared for histopathological examination. The implantation of the probe alone caused greater inflammatory response than the injection of procaine or procaine plus benzathine penicillin G at remote intramuscular sites. The histopathological lesions were greatest where the implantation site was coupled with the injection of either formulation of penicillin G. Polyacrylonitrile may not be a suitable dialysis membrane material for intramuscular implantation in sheep.  相似文献   

Alternating rabacfosadine and doxorubicin for treatment of naïve canine lymphoma     

Corey F. Saba  Timothy M. Fan  Brenda S. Phillips  Zachary M. Wright  Douglas H. Thamm 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2024,22(2):278-283

The current standard of care treatment for canine lymphoma is a multi-agent, CHOP-based chemotherapy protocol. Single agent doxorubicin (DOX) is less burdensome; however, multi-agent chemotherapy protocols are often superior. The recently approved drug rabacfosadine (RAB, Tanovea) provides an attractive option for combination therapy with DOX, as both drugs demonstrate efficacy against lymphoma and possess different mechanisms of action. A previous study evaluating alternating RAB/DOX reported an overall response rate (ORR) of 84%, with a median progression-free survival time (PFS) of 194 days. The aim of this prospective trial was to evaluate the same protocol in an additional population of dogs. Fifty-nine dogs with treatment naïve lymphoma were enrolled. RAB (1.0 mg/kg IV) was alternated with DOX (30 mg/m² IV) every 21 days for up to six total treatments (3 cycles). Response assessment and adverse event (AE) evaluation were performed every 21 days using VCOG criteria. The ORR was 93% (79% CR, 14% PR). The median time to maximal response was 21.5 days; median PFS was 199 days. T cell immunophenotype and lack of treatment response were predictive of inferior outcomes. AEs were mostly gastrointestinal. Six dogs developed presumed or confirmed pulmonary fibrosis; four were grade 5. One dog experienced grade 3 extravasation injury with RAB that resolved with supportive treatment. These data mirror those of the previously reported RAB/DOX study, and support the finding that alternating RAB/DOX is a reasonable treatment option for canine lymphoma.  相似文献