Use of ionic liquids for pi-conjugated polymer electrochemical devices     

Lu W  Fadeev AG  Qi B  Smela E  Mattes BR  Ding J  Spinks GM  Mazurkiewicz J  Zhou D  Wallace GG  MacFarlane DR  Forsyth SA  Forsyth M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5583):983-987

pi-Conjugated polymers that are electrochemically cycled in ionic liquids have enhanced lifetimes without failure (up to 1 million cycles) and fast cycle switching speeds (100 ms). We report results for electrochemical mechanical actuators, electrochromic windows, and numeric displays made from three types of pi-conjugated polymers: polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene. Experiments were performed under ambient conditions, yet the polymers showed negligible loss in electroactivity. These performance advantages were obtained by using environmentally stable, room-temperature ionic liquids composed of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium cations together with anions such as tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate.  相似文献   

Russia. Scientists wary of new Academy reforms     

Pokrovsky V  Allakhverdov A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5572):1381-1383

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Science law advances despite criticism     

Allakhverdov A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1995,268(5219):1844

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The Red Queen in a potato field: integrated pest management versus chemical dependency in Colorado potato beetle control          下载免费PDF全文

Andrei Alyokhin  David Mota‐Sanchez  Mitchell Baker  William E Snyder  Sandra Menasha  Mark Whalon  Galen Dively  Wassem F Moarsi 《Pest management science》2015,71(3):343-356

Originally designed to reconcile insecticide applications with biological control, the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) developed into the systems‐based judicious and coordinated use of multiple control techniques aimed at reducing pest damage to economically tolerable levels. Chemical control, with scheduled treatments, was the starting point for most management systems in the 1950s. Although chemical control is philosophically compatible with IPM practices as a whole, reduction in pesticide use has been historically one of the main goals of IPM practitioners. In the absence of IPM, excessive reliance on pesticides has led to repeated control failures due to the evolution of resistance by pest populations. This creates the need for constant replacement of failed chemicals with new compounds, known as the ‘insecticide treadmill’. In evolutionary biology, a similar phenomenon is known as the Red Queen principle – continuing change is needed for a population to persevere because its competitors undergo constant evolutionary adaptation. The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is an insect defoliator of potatoes that is notorious for its ability to develop insecticide resistance. In the present article, a review is given of four case studies from across the United States to demonstrate the importance of using IPM for sustainable management of a highly adaptable insect pest. Excessive reliance on often indiscriminate insecticide applications and inadequate use of alternative control methods, such as crop rotation, appear to expedite evolution of insecticide resistance in its populations. Resistance to IPM would involve synchronized adaptations to multiple unfavorable factors, requiring statistically unlikely genetic changes. Therefore, integrating different techniques is likely to reduce the need for constant replacement of failed chemicals with new ones. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

A Gaussian multi-component model for the tree diameter distribution in old-growth forests     

Sergiu Andrei Horodnic  Cătălin Constantin Roibu 《European Journal of Forest Research》2018,137(2):185-196

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Impact of Treated Industrial Effluent on Physical and Chemical Properties of Three Subtropical Soils and Millet Nutrition   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Filipe Selau Carlos  Andrei Marafon  Robson Andreazza  Lawrence A. Morris  Marino José Tedesco  Cácio Luiz Boechat 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(21):2514-2525

The use of treated industrial effluents to irrigate plants is an alternative, because of nutrients that can increase yield of the agricultural crops. This study was conducted to determine irrigation with treated effluent and gypsum application, which changes the chemical and physical characteristics of soils and the growth and nutrition of millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Thus, an experiment was conducted on PVC columns with three soil classes, Typic Hapludox, Typic Hapludult, and Arenic Hapludult. Nutrient and Na⁺ concentrations in the millet biomass reflected concentrations of elements in the effluent and soil. In the control, low N levels were found in the biomass, while higher leaf N concentrations were observed, due to irrigation with treated effluent. In the short term, irrigation with treated industrial effluent by controlled application could be an alternative and a complementary source of nutrients for plants, reducing the volume of nutrients and organic materials discharged into water bodies.  相似文献   

Comparative Study Highlights the Potential of Spectral Deconvolution for Fucoxanthin Screening in Live Phaeodactylum tricornutum Cultures     

Sean Macdonald Miller  Raffaela M. Abbriano  Anna Segecova  Andrei Herdean  Peter J. Ralph  Mathieu Pernice 《Marine drugs》2022,20(1)

Microalgal biotechnology shows considerable promise as a sustainable contributor to a broad range of industrial avenues. The field is however limited by processing methods that have commonly hindered the progress of high throughput screening, and consequently development of improved microalgal strains. We tested various microplate reader and flow cytometer methods for monitoring the commercially relevant pigment fucoxanthin in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Based on accuracy and flexibility, we chose one described previously to adapt to live culture samples using a microplate reader and achieved a high correlation to HPLC (R² = 0.849), effectively removing the need for solvent extraction. This was achieved by using new absorbance spectra inputs, reducing the detectable pigment library and changing pathlength values for the spectral deconvolution method in microplate reader format. Adaptation to 384-well microplates and removal of the need to equalize cultures by density further increased the screening rate. This work is of primary interest to projects requiring detection of biological pigments, and could theoretically be extended to other organisms and pigments of interest, improving the viability of microalgae biotechnology as a contributor to sustainable industry.  相似文献   

不同解冻方式对猪肉食用品质的影响     

林墨  李官浩  杨慧娟  唐洪刚  肖朝耿  谌迪  叶梦迪  李希兹恩·安德烈·鲍里索维奇  陈黎洪 《浙江农业学报》2018,30(4):666

以色泽、嫩度、保水性等品质特性和蛋白质含量、脂肪含量等营养特性为指标,研究3种解冻方式,低温(空气)解冻、常温(空气)解冻、流水解冻对猪肉食用品质的影响。结果表明,低温解冻工艺可显著改善猪肉的L^*值、a^*值和b^*值,有效改善解冻后猪肉的色泽。针对不同解冻方式,低温解冻条件下猪肉的保水性和嫩度明显优于其他两组(P<0.05),解冻后猪肉品质最佳;且低温解冻后的猪肉中蛋白质和脂肪含量最高,解冻后猪肉营养最好。  相似文献   

Contrasting effects of wheat straw and its biochar on greenhouse gas emissions and enzyme activities in a Chernozemic soil   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Fengping Wu  Zhikuan Jia  Sunguo Wang  Scott X. Chang  Andrei Startsev 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2013,49(5):555-565

Biochar produced from plant biomass through pyrolysis has been shown to be much more resistant to biodegradation in the soil as compared with the raw biomass, such as cereal straw that is routinely shredded and discharged on to farm fields in large amounts. Biochar application to soil has also been reported to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, the emissions of three main GHGs (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O) and enzyme activities (urease, β-glycosidase, and dehydrogenase) were measured during a 100-day laboratory incubation of a Chernozemic soil amended with either straw or its biochar at rates of 0.67 and 1.68 % (based on the amount of C added) for the low and high rates, respectively. The biochar application dramatically reduced N₂O emissions, but CO₂ or CH₄ emissions were not different, as compared with the un-amended soil. At the same C equivalent application rate, CO₂ and N₂O emission rates were greater while CH₄ emission rates were lower in straw than in biochar application treatments. The activities of both the dehydrogenase and β-glycosidase significantly declined while that of urease significantly increased with the biochar as compared with the straw treatment. We conclude that pyrolysis of cereal straw prior to land application would significantly reduce CO₂ and N₂O emissions, in association with changed enzyme activities, while increasing the soil C pool through the addition of stable C in the form of biochar.  相似文献   

Induced spermiation of Pimelodus britskii (Teleostei: Pimelodidae) during the reproductive period          下载免费PDF全文

Danielle Zanerato Damasceno  Ricardo Andrei Krause  Maurício Spagnolo Adames  Giovano Neumann  Anderson Gibathe  Robie Allan Bombardelli  Elizabeth Romagosa 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(3):862-874

For the first time was characterized the semen of Pimelodus britskii, hormonally induced and non‐induced induced, during the reproductive period. The experiment 1 was conducted with 12 fish per month, divided into: (i) induced with Carp Pituitary Extract (CPE), and (ii) without hormonal induction (testes macerated). The experiment 2 was conducted, with 30 fish, divided into groups for comparison of different doses of CPE and human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG; T1: control; T2: 3.0 mg kg^?1 CPE; T3: 0.5 mg kg + 3.0 mg kg^?1 CPE; T4: 0.5 mg kg^?1 + 7.0 mg kg^?1 CPE; T5: 200 UI kg^?1 hCG), the same fish were used every month, and the semen was collected by abdominal massage. In both, experiments were assessed the sperm motility and velocity by means of the CASA software. In experiment 1, the concentration of spermatozoids was significantly increase by application of CPE compared untreated males. The volume and motility decreased gradually until the end of the experiment, the highest values were recorded for treatment induced (0.49 ± 0.25 mL and 62.18, respectively). The same occurred to Gonadosomatic Index, showing the smallest value at the end of the reproductive period. The fish from experiment 2 released reduced volume of watery semen (0.1 mL). The values of sperm concentration, motility velocity decreased gradually throughout the months. For P. britskii, the reproductive period influenced the production and sperm quality. Despite small seminal volume released the dose of 7.5 mg kg^?1 of CPE proved effective.  相似文献