OSTP: The Last 4 Years     

Blake J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,210(4475):1199

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Long‐term impact of tylosin on fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs     

Alison C. Manchester  Craig B. Webb  Amanda B. Blake  Fatima Sarwar  Jonathan A. Lidbury  Jrg M. Steiner  Jan S. Suchodolski 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2019,33(6):2605-2617

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The role of commercial crocodile farming in crocodile conservation     

D.K. Blake  J.P. Loveridge 《Biological conservation》1975,8(4):261-272

Commercial crocodile rearing stations in Rhodesia are described, including regulations which govern their operation. When crocodile eggs are collected from the wild a quota of juveniles equivalent to 5% of the number collected must be released at the age of 3 years. Figures for hatching success and juvenile growth on rearing stations compared with wild populations indicate that both these parameters are better on the rearing stations. The growth rate on a rearing station is twice as fast as in the wild. Data on juvenile survival on the rearing stations suggest that it is of the order of 50% to the age of 3 years. No comparative information is available for wild populations. Survival of station-reared crocodiles after release into the wild is good, although growth slows substantially. Juveniles for release are a valuable tool in management, for restocking suitable areas or supplementation of natural recruitment. Crocodile farms may provide an answer to future management of this species, and a ready source of breeding stock is available in ‘problem’ animals which are relocated rather than shot. Crocodile rearing and farming in developing countries could provide the incentive to maintain a renewable resource rather than to exploit and destroy existing populations.  相似文献   

Testing whether adrenal steroids mediate phenotypic and physiologic effects of elevated salinity on larval tiger salamanders     

Brian J. TORNABENE  Erica J. CRESPI  Creagh W. BREUNER  Blake R. HOSSACK 《Integrative zoology》2023,18(1):27-44

Salinity (sodium chloride, NaCl) from anthropogenic sources is a persistent contaminant that negatively affects freshwater taxa. Amphibians can be susceptible to salinity, but some species are innately or adaptively tolerant. Physiological mechanisms mediating tolerance to salinity are still unclear, but changes in osmoregulatory hormones such as corticosterone (CORT) and aldosterone (ALDO) are prime candidates. We exposed larval barred tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) to environmentally relevant NaCl treatments (<32–4000 mg·L⁻¹) for 24 days to test effects on growth, survival, and waterborne CORT responses. Of those sampled, we also quantified waterborne ALDO from a subset. Using a glucocorticoid antagonist (RU486), we also experimentally suppressed CORT signaling of some larvae to determine if CORT mediates effects of salinity. There were no strong differences in survival among salinity treatments, but salinity reduced dry mass, snout–vent length, and body condition while increasing water content of larvae. High survival and sublethal effects demonstrated that salamanders were physiologically challenged but could tolerate the experimental concentrations. CORT signaling did not attenuate sublethal effects of salinity. Baseline and stress-induced (after an acute stressor, shaking) CORT were not influenced by salinity. ALDO was correlated with baseline CORT, suggesting it could be difficult to decouple the roles of CORT and ALDO. Future studies comparing ALDO and CORT responses of adaptively tolerant and previously unexposed populations could be beneficial to understand the roles of these hormones in tolerance to salinity. Nevertheless, our study enhances our understanding of the roles of corticosteroid hormones in mediating effects of a prominent anthropogenic stressor.  相似文献   

Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cota D  Proulx K  Smith KA  Kozma SC  Thomas G  Woods SC  Seeley RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5775):927-930

The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates cell-cycle progression and growth by sensing changes in energy status. We demonstrated that mTOR signaling plays a role in the brain mechanisms that respond to nutrient availability, regulating energy balance. In the rat, mTOR signaling is controlled by energy status in specific regions of the hypothalamus and colocalizes with neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Central administration of leucine increases hypothalamic mTOR signaling and decreases food intake and body weight. The hormone leptin increases hypothalamic mTOR activity, and the inhibition of mTOR signaling blunts leptin's anorectic effect. Thus, mTOR is a cellular fuel sensor whose hypothalamic activity is directly tied to the regulation of energy intake.  相似文献   

Variation in Kernel Hardness and Associated Traits in U.S. Barley Breeding Lines     

S. Nair  S. E. Ullrich  T. K. Blake  B. Cooper  C. A. Griffey  P. M. Hayes  D. J. Hole  R. D. Horsley  D. E. Obert  K. P. Smith  G. J. Muehlbauer  B.‐K. Baik 《Cereal Chemistry》2010,87(5):461-466

Kernel hardness is an important trait influencing postharvest handling, processing, and food product quality in cereal grains. Though well‐characterized in wheat, the basis of kernel hardness is still not completely understood in barley. Kernels of 959 barley breeding lines were evaluated for hardness using the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS). Barley lines exhibited a broad range of hardness index (HI) values at 30.1–91.9. Distribution of kernel diameter and weight were 1.7–2.9 mm and 24.9–53.7 mg, respectively. The proportion of hull was 10.2–20.7%. From the 959 breeding lines, 10 hulled spring barley lines differing in HI values (30.1–91.2) were selected to study the associations of HI with proportion of hull, kernel weight, diameter, vitreousness, protein, β‐glucan, and amylose content. Vitreousness, evaluated visually using a light box, showed a clear distinction between hard and soft kernels. Hard kernels appeared translucent, while soft kernels appeared opaque when illuminated from below on the light box. Kernel brightness (L*), determined as an indicator of kernel vitreousness, showed a significant negative correlation (r = –0.83, P < 0.01) with HI. Protein, β‐glucan, amylose content, proportion of hull, kernel weight, and diameter did not show any significant association with HI.  相似文献   

Investigating the phytotoxicity of the graminicide fluazifop-P-butyl against native UK wildflower species     

Blake RJ  Westbury DB  Woodcock BA  Sutton P  Potts SG 《Pest management science》2012,68(3):412-421

BACKGROUND: The selective graminicide fluazifop‐P‐butyl is used for the control of grass weeds in dicotyledonous crops, and commonly applied in amenity areas to reduce grass productivity and promote wildflower establishment. However, evidence suggests that fluazifop‐P‐butyl might also have phytotoxic effects on some non‐target plants. This study investigates the effects of fluazifop‐P‐butyl on the emergence, phytotoxicity and above‐ground biomass of nine perennial wildflower species and two grass species, following pre‐ and post‐emergent applications at half, full and double label rates in a series of glasshouse experiments. RESULTS: While pre‐ and post‐emergent applications of fluazifop‐P‐butyl caused reductions in seedling emergence and increased phytotoxicity on native wildflower and grass species, these effects were temporary for the majority of wildflower species tested, and generally only occurred at the double application rate. No differences in biomass were observed at any of the rates, suggesting good selectivity and no long‐term effects of fluazifop‐P‐butyl application on the wildflower species from either pre‐emergent or post‐emergent applications. CONCLUSION: These results have direct relevance to the management of amenity areas for biodiversity, as they confirm the suitability of these wildflower species for inclusion in seed mixtures where fluazifop‐P‐butyl is to be applied to control grass productivity. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Carbohydrate mobilization following shoot defoliation and decapitation in hybrid poplar     

Tschaplinski TJ  Blake TJ 《Tree physiology》1994,14(2):141-151

The effects of shoot defoliation, decapitation, and disbudding on carbon mobilization were investigated in rooted cuttings of Populus maximowiczii x nigra L. 'MN9'. Ten days after complete shoot defoliation or decapitation, the stem starch concentration of treated plants declined to one-half that of intact plants, and there were similar or greater reductions in the concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose, galactose, and shikimic acid. Partial shoot defoliation (50%) and complete disbudding had no effect on stem starch concentration, but stem sucrose concentration was reduced in all treatments. Sucrose depletion preceded and may have induced other changes in the carbon status of plants subjected to leaf or shoot removal. Four days after shoot decapitation, the sucrose concentration of roots of treated plants was reduced to 25% of that of intact plants. However, the concentrations of fructose and glucose increased in the roots of treated plants and was followed by the accumulation of shikimic acid, salicyl alcohol, unknown compound A and salicin. The possible role of increased concentrations of root organic solutes in the water relations and regrowth process of decapitated plants is discussed.  相似文献   

"肉鸡球虫病及其综合防治措施"专栏(七)成功控制禽球虫病的挑战     

Adrian L. Smith  Damer P.Blake  文豪  缪德 《国外畜牧学(猪与禽)》2008,28(4)

艾美尔球虫以宿主特异性的方式感染家畜,是引起球虫病的病原体.艾美尔球虫的控制是必要的.目前主要的控制方法是化学疗法,而用由活野毒株或弱毒虫株制成的疫苗进行免疫预防则呈流行趋势.新一代的亚单位疫苗、活栽体疫苗和DNA疫苗正在研究之中,而合适抗原的鉴定是仍需要解决的难题.本文简述了过去和当前控制球虫病的方法,及一种鉴定作为候选疫苗免疫保护性抗原的新方法.  相似文献   

Unexpected death in a horse with arytenoid chondritis and perilaryngeal lesions     

MP FRANCE  TLW ROTHWELL  NJ KANNEGIETER† 《Australian veterinary journal》1995,72(9):351-352

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