Feline rabies. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management     

Tadeusz Frymus  Diane Addie  Sándor Belák  Corine Boucraut-Baralon  Herman Egberink  Tim Gruffydd-Jones  Katrin Hartmann  Margaret J. Hosie  Albert Lloret  Hans Lutz  Fulvio Marsilio  Maria Grazia Pennisi  Alan D. Radford  Etienne Thiry  Uwe Truyen  Marian C. Horzinek 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2009,11(7):585-593

OverviewRabies virus belongs to the genus Lyssavirus, together with European bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2. In clinical practice, rabies virus is easily inactivated by detergent-based disinfectants.InfectionRabid animals are the only source of infection. Virus is shed in the saliva some days before the onset of clinical signs and transmitted through a bite or a scratch to the skin or mucous membranes. The average incubation period in cats is 2 months, but may vary from 2 weeks to several months, or even years.Disease signsAny unexplained aggressive behaviour or sudden behavioural change in cats must be considered suspicious. Two disease manifestations have been identified in cats: the furious and the dumb form. Death occurs after a clinical course of 1–10 days.DiagnosisA definitive rabies diagnosis is obtained by post-mortem laboratory investigation. However, serological tests are used for post-vaccinal control, especially in the context of international movements.Disease managementPost-exposure vaccination of cats depends on the national public health regulations, and is forbidden in many countries.Vaccination recommendationsA single rabies vaccination induces a long-lasting immunity. Kittens should be vaccinated at 12–16 weeks of age to avoid interference from maternally derived antibodies and revaccinated 1 year later. Although some vaccines protect against virulent rabies virus challenge for 3 years or more, national or local legislation may call for annual boosters.  相似文献   

Twentieth-century decline of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park,California, USA     

J.A. Lutz  J.W. van Wagtendonk  J.F. Franklin 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009

Studies of forest change in western North America often focus on increased densities of small-diameter trees rather than on changes in the large tree component. Large trees generally have lower rates of mortality than small trees and are more resilient to climate change, but these assumptions have rarely been examined in long-term studies. We combined data from 655 historical (1932–1936) and 210 modern (1988–1999) vegetation plots to examine changes in density of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park (3027 km²). We tested the assumption of stability for large-diameter trees, as both individual species and communities of large-diameter trees. Between the 1930s and 1990s, large-diameter tree density in Yosemite declined 24%. Although the decrease was apparent in all forest types, declines were greatest in subalpine and upper montane forests (57.0% of park area), and least in lower montane forests (15.3% of park area). Large-diameter tree densities of 11 species declined while only 3 species increased. Four general patterns emerged: (1) Pinus albicaulis, Quercus chrysolepis, and Quercus kelloggii had increases in density of large-diameter trees occur throughout their ranges; (2) Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus lambertiana, and Pinus ponderosa, had disproportionately larger decreases in large-diameter tree densities in lower-elevation portions of their ranges; (3) Abies concolor and Pinus contorta, had approximately uniform decreases in large-diameter trees throughout their elevational ranges; and (4) Abies magnifica, Calocedrus decurrens, Juniperus occidentalis, Pinus monticola, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga mertensiana displayed little or no change in large-diameter tree densities. In Pinus ponderosa–Calocedrus decurrens forests, modern large-diameter tree densities were equivalent whether or not plots had burned since 1936. However, in unburned plots, the large-diameter trees were predominantly A. concolor, C. decurrens, and Q. chrysolepis, whereas P. ponderosa dominated the large-diameter component of burned plots. Densities of large-diameter P. ponderosa were 8.1 trees ha⁻¹ in plots that had experienced fire, but only 0.5 trees ha⁻¹ in plots that remained unburned.  相似文献   

Hypovitaminosis A in extensively grazed beef cattle          下载免费PDF全文

EM Parker  CP Gardiner  AE Kessell  AJ Parker 《Australian veterinary journal》2017,95(3):80-84

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Hyperglycaemia but not hyperlipidaemia decreases serum amylase and increases neutrophils in the exocrine pancreas of cats     

Eric Zini  Melania Osto  Marco Franchini  Hans Lutz  Aurel Perren  Mathias Ackermann  Claudia E. Reusch 《Research in veterinary science》2010,89(1):20-26

The goal of the study was to determine whether hyperglycaemia or hyperlipidaemia causes pancreatitis in cats and to assess the effect of excess serum glucose and lipids on amylase and lipase activity. Ten-day hyperglycaemic and hyperlipidaemic clamps were carried out in five and six healthy cats, respectively. Ten healthy cats received saline and served as controls. The activity of amylase was below the normal range in 4 of 5 hyperglycaemic cats by day 10. The activity of lipase did not vary in any of the cats. Samples of exocrine pancreas were normal on histological examination, but the number of tissue neutrophils was increased in hyperglycaemic cats (P < 0.05). In a retrospective study 14 of 40 (35%) cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus had amylase activities below the reference range at the time of admission. Amylase activities normalised within 1 week of insulin therapy and subsequent glycaemic control. Lipase activity was increased in 26 of 40 (65%) diabetic cats and remained elevated despite glycaemic control. In conclusion, hyperglycaemia, but not hyperlipidaemia, increases pancreatic neutrophils in cats. However, because the histological morphology of the exocrine pancreas was normal, hyperglycaemia may play only a minor role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Low amylase activities in diabetic cats may reflect an imbalance in glucose metabolism rather than pancreatitis.  相似文献   

Predictors of Clinical Remission in Cats with Diabetes Mellitus     

E. Zini  M. Hafner  M. Osto  M. Franchini  M. Ackermann  T.A. Lutz  C.E. Reusch 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2010,24(6):1314-1321

Background: Clinical remission is frequent in cats with well‐controlled diabetes mellitus, but few studies explored predictors of this phenomenon. Hypothesis: Data retrieved from medical records at admission might be valuable to identify likelihood of remission and its duration in diabetic cats. Animals: Ninety cats with newly diagnosed diabetes, followed‐up until death or remission. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Data were collected from records at admission, including history, signalment, physical examination, haematology, and biochemical profile, and the occurrence and duration of remission, defined as normoglycemia without insulin for ≥4 weeks. Predictors of remission were studied with univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Factors associated with remission duration were analyzed with Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Forty‐five (50%) cats achieved remission, after a median time of 48 days (range: 8–216). By study end, median remission duration was 114 days (range: 30–3,370) in cats that died and 151 days (range: 28–1,180) in alive cats. Remission was more likely with higher age (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04–1.46; P= .01) and less likely with increased serum cholesterol (OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.11–0.87; P= .04). Remission was longer with higher body weight (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.42–0.99; P= .04) and shorter with higher blood glucose (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.02; P= .02). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Age, body weight, cholesterol, and glucose levels are suggested for prediction of remission or its duration in diabetic cats. Older cats developing diabetes may have a better outcome, possibly suggesting a slower disease progression.  相似文献   

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eimeria bovis</Emphasis> meront I-carrying host cells express parasite-specific antigens on their surface membrane     

Ahmed Ibrahem I. Badawy  Kathleen Lutz  Anja Taubert  Horst Zahner  Carlos Hermosilla 《Veterinary research communications》2010,34(2):103-118

Host immune responses conducted against antigens of Eimeria bovis are key factors for the development of protective immunity against this protozoan disease. In this study we investigated the expression of E. bovis-derived antigens on the host cell surface membrane during E. bovis first merogony in vitro. Host cells carrying E. bovis-meront I stages expressed E. bovis host cell surface antigens (EbHCSAg) on their surface membrane which were recognised by hyperimmune sera of calves and by sera from rats immunized with E. bovis merozoites I, when tested by indirect immune fluorescent antibody test (IIFAT), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and immune electron microscopy. Expression of EbHCSAg on permissive host cells was earliest detected 7 days p. i., thus coinciding with the onset of the parasite replication. Membrane-associated EbHCSAg were removed from infected host cells by proteinase K, partially by Triton X-100, Triton X-114 and Triton X-405, but not by 1 M NaCl, CHAPS or phospholipase C treatment. Antibodies, affinity-purified on paraformaldehyde/glutardialdehyde (PAGA)-fixed E. bovis meront I-infected bovine host cells bound to the surface meront I-carrying cells and to merozoites I (IIFAT, LSCM) but, in contrast to untreated sera, not to sporozoites. When tested on methanol-fixed merozoites I and sporozoites by IIFAT, affinity-purified antibodies bound to structures in the apical complex area of merozoites I, but not to sporozoites, whilst untreated sera caused diffuse labelling of internal structures of both parasite stages. Immune electron microscopy demonstrated binding of affinity-purified antibodies to micronemes and dense granules of merozoites I. Although the function of EbHCSAg is still unknown, results of this study might suggest an involvement in the development of protective immunity against E. bovis infections.  相似文献   

The dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor NVP-DPP728 reduces plasma glucagon concentration in cats     

Daniela Furrer  Karin Kaufmann  Flurin Tschuor  Claudia E. Reusch  Thomas A. Lutz 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2010,183(3):355-357

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and inhibitors of its degrading enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), are interesting therapy options in human diabetics because they increase insulin secretion and reduce postprandial glucagon secretion. Given the similar pathophysiology of human type 2 and feline diabetes mellitus, this study investigated whether the DPPIV inhibitor NVP-DPP728 reduces plasma glucagon levels in cats. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (ivGTT; 0.5 g/kg glucose after 12 h fasting) and a meal response test (test meal of 50% of average daily food intake, offered after 24 h fasting) were performed in healthy experimental cats. NVP-DPP728 (0.5–2.5 mg/kg IV or SC) significantly reduced glucagon output in all tests and increased insulin output in the ivGTT. Follow-up studies will investigate the potential usefulness as therapy in diabetic cats.  相似文献   

LandscapeDNDC: a process model for simulation of biosphere–atmosphere–hydrosphere exchange processes at site and regional scale     

Edwin Haas  Steffen Klatt  Alexander Fröhlich  Philipp Kraft  Christian Werner  Ralf Kiese  Rüdiger Grote  Lutz Breuer  Klaus Butterbach-Bahl 《Landscape Ecology》2013,28(4):615-636

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Drying tests with washed late-crop potatoes in the Red River Valley, 1950 and 1951     

J. M. Lutz  G. B. Ramsey  A. H. Glaves  John Strait 《American Journal of Potato Research》1953,30(8):179-184

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Biodegradation measurements confirm the predictive value of the O:C‐ratio for biochar recalcitrance          下载免费PDF全文

Mo Bai  Burkhard Wilske  Franz Buegger  Esben Wilson Bruun  Martin Bach  Hans‐Georg Frede  Lutz Breuer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(4):633-637

Suitable predictors of degradability are sought to support the identification of biochars with large potential to increase C sequestration in soils. We determined the biodegradation of 9 chars from hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis in two agricultural soils. The 200‐ and 115‐day degradation correlated strongly with the O:C‐ and slightly with the H:C‐atomic ratio of 9 and 14 biochars, respectively. Highest temperature treatment and ash content did not show similar correlations.  相似文献