Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala     

Hariri AR  Mattay VS  Tessitore A  Kolachana B  Fera F  Goldman D  Egan MF  Weinberger DR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5580):400-403

A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the human serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been associated with several dimensions of neuroticism and psychopathology, especially anxiety traits, but the predictive value of this genotype against these complex behaviors has been inconsistent. Serotonin [5- hydroxytryptamine, (5-HT)] function influences normal fear as well as pathological anxiety, behaviors critically dependent on the amygdala in animal models and in clinical studies. We now report that individuals with one or two copies of the short allele of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter polymorphism, which has been associated with reduced 5-HTT expression and function and increased fear and anxiety-related behaviors, exhibit greater amygdala neuronal activity, as assessed by BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging, in response to fearful stimuli compared with individuals homozygous for the long allele. These results demonstrate genetically driven variation in the response of brain regions underlying human emotional behavior and suggest that differential excitability of the amygdala to emotional stimuli may contribute to the increased fear and anxiety typically associated with the short SLC6A4 allele.  相似文献   

The ribosome modulates nascent protein folding     

Kaiser CM  Goldman DH  Chodera JD  Tinoco I  Bustamante C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6063):1723-1727

Proteins are synthesized by the ribosome and generally must fold to become functionally active. Although it is commonly assumed that the ribosome affects the folding process, this idea has been extremely difficult to demonstrate. We have developed an experimental system to investigate the folding of single ribosome-bound stalled nascent polypeptides with optical tweezers. In T4 lysozyme, synthesized in a reconstituted in vitro translation system, the ribosome slows the formation of stable tertiary interactions and the attainment of the native state relative to the free protein. Incomplete T4 lysozyme polypeptides misfold and aggregate when free in solution, but they remain folding-competent near the ribosomal surface. Altogether, our results suggest that the ribosome not only decodes the genetic information and synthesizes polypeptides, but also promotes efficient de novo attainment of the native state.  相似文献   

Relationship of carotenoids and tocopherols in a sample of carrot root-color accessions and carrot germplasm carrying Rp and rp alleles     

Koch TC  Goldman IL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(2):325-331

Carotenoids and tocopherols are powerful antioxidants synthesized in plants from a common precursor. They may offer significant health benefits to humans. Seed oils have been shown to possess high levels of tocopherols, but little is known about their levels in the edible portions of most vegetable crops. A two-year field experiment was conducted at two locations to assess levels of major carotenoids and tocopherols in carrot (Daucus carota) root and leaf tissue. Levels of compounds in root tissue reported on a dry weight basis were as follows: alpha-tocopherol, 0.04-0.18 ppm; lycopene, 0.00-52.94 ppm; alpha-carotene, 10.63-1504.76 ppm; and beta-carotene, 26.69-1673.76 ppm. Higher levels of all carotenoids were measured in phloem tissue than in xylem. Leaf tissue levels of tocopherols measured on a dry weight basis ranged from 0.02 to 0.85 ppm, whereas levels of carotenoids ranged from 12.81 to 411.66 ppm. In xylem tissue, alpha-tocopherol was significantly (P < or =0.001) positively correlated with alpha-carotene (r = 0.65) and with beta-carotene (r = 0.52). This positive correlation indicates it may be possible to select for both increased alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids in carrot. The reduced pigment (rp) mutation of carrot exhibited a 96% reduction in levels of alpha- and beta-carotene and a 25-43% reduction in alpha-tocopherol when compared to a near-isogenic line. In plants homozygous for rp, a substantial increase was observed in phytoene, a precursor to carotenoids, suggesting the location of the rp lesion in the carotenoid synthesis pathway.  相似文献   

Analysis of sub-populations of rapid-cycling Brassica rapa following recurrent bi-directional selection for cotyledon size     

N. Tel-Zur    I. L. Goldman 《Plant Breeding》2007,126(1):62-66

Recurrent selection programmes use one or just a few selection criteria, however other indirect traits may be unpredictably changed in a population. This study was conducted to determine the indirect effects of 10 cycles of bi‐directional recurrent selection for cotyledon size in the model system of rapid‐cycling Brassica rapa. Eight sub‐populations (four large‐ and four small‐cotyledon sizes) were phenotypically and cytologically evaluated. Each sub‐population was measured by five phenotypic traits. Ploidy and pollen viability were studied and compared with the initial population. Total weight was significantly different in broad and bottleneck‐1 sub‐populations. Total cell number exhibited statistically significant differences in broad and bottleneck‐1 sub‐populations, while cell number per unit area exhibited statistically significant differences in broad, bottleneck‐2 and bottleneck‐3 sub‐populations. Decreases in pollen viability in comparison with the base population were observed in three sub‐populations. Among the eight sub‐populations studied, the most significant phenotypic differences were observed within broad sub‐populations. Based on the above, it is possible that bi‐directional recurrent selection for cotyledon size may have been a result of indirect selection for two processes, endoreduplication and cell division.  相似文献   

Needle catheter duodenostomy: a technique for duodenal alimentation of birds     

R L Goring  A Goldman  K J Kaufman  C Roberts  K E Quesenberry  G V Kollias 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1986,189(9):1017-1019

A technique for duodenal alimentation (needle catheter duodenostomy) of birds was developed, using the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) as the experimental model. A needle catheter was inserted into the descending duodenum of 5 pigeons and was secured to the body wall and dorsum of each bird. A liquid diet was administered daily (in equal amounts of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 hours) for 14 days without adverse effects. On day 15, the catheters were removed, and the birds immediately resumed normal consumption of a pigeon ration and water diet. Although 4 of the 5 birds had minor weight loss, dietary alterations probably could be used on an individual basis to alleviate this problem. After oral alimentation was resumed, the 5 birds exceeded their initial body weight within 7 days. Four weeks after catheter removal, positive-contrast radiographic evaluations indicated that the duodenum of each pigeon appeared normal. Needle catheter duodenostomy was a viable method of alimentation in the domestic pigeon. This technique should be applicable for other avian species requiring bypass of the upper gastrointestinal tract proximal to the region of catheter insertion in the duodenum.  相似文献   

Mammary tumors in a colony of beagle dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J E Moulton  L S Rosenblatt  M Goldman 《Veterinary pathology》1986,23(6):741-749

In a lifetime study, female beagle dogs in a closed colony were administered 226radium and 90strontium. An unirradiated control group was included in the study. A total of 223 of 356 dogs at risk developed 1,112 mammary proliferative growths (hyperplastic nodules and neoplasms). There was no correlation between occurrence and types of lesions in radiation and control groups. The age range for first occurrence of lesions was 10.4 to 13.9 years; hyperplastic nodule and benign mixed tumor occurred 1 to 2 years earlier than other lesions. A multiplicity of growths of similar or different morphological type were common throughout the lifetime of the dog. The female beagles, collectively, developed 244 hyperplastic nodules, 78 adenomas, 694 benign mixed tumors, 78 carcinomas, 14 malignant mixed tumors, and four myoepitheliomas. Proliferations occurred with increasing frequency from the cranial to caudal mammary glands. Metastasis was found in 77% of the dogs with carcinoma. The median time from diagnosis to metastasis was 10 months, but was shorter in dogs with infiltrative carcinoma.  相似文献   

Normal expression of adhalin and merosin in ovine congenital progressive muscular dystrophy     

RD JOHNSEN  NG LAING  CR HUXTABLE  BA KAKULAS 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(3):215-216

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Amoxycillin as an alternative to dihydrostreptomycin sulphate for treating cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo     

CR SMITH  BG CORNEY  MR McGOWAN  CS McCLINTOCK  W. WARD  PJ KETTERER 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(11):818-821

Objective To assess the effect of amoxycillin treatment on urinary excretion of leptospires from cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo .
Design A chemotherapy trial with controls.
Procedure Fourteen heifers serologically negative to L hardjo were inoculated with L hardjo via the conjunctival route and assessed for evidence of infection by serological, fluorescent antibody and microbiological tests. Two injections (48 h apart) of amoxycillin at a dose of 15 mg/kg were administered intramuscularly to seven heifers 6.5 weeks after infection; the remaining heifers acted as untreated controls. Later, these seven control group heifers were treated with a single dose of amoxycillin (15 mg/kg). Samples of urine were collected before and after amoxycillin treatments; kidneys were collected at slaughter, and examined by fluorescent antibody test and microbiological culture.
Results Leptospires were isolated from the urine of 11 of 14 heifers inoculated with L hardjo . After treatment of six of these with two injections of amoxycillin, leptospires were not isolated. Of the controls, four of the five initially leptospiruric heifers continued to shed leptospires; after a single injection of amoxycillin, no leptospires were detected in the kidneys of these four.
Conclusion Amoxycillin may be an acceptable alternative to dihydrostreptomycin sulphate for the treatment of cattle infected with L hardjo .  相似文献   

Two cases of epidermotropic lymphoma in dogs     

PH BRAIN  CR HOWLETT 《Australian veterinary journal》1991,68(7):247-248

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Serological response in field cattle immunised againstBabesia berbera     

M. Goldman  E. Pipano 《Tropical animal health and production》1974,6(3):123-127

Summary Serological tests were performed on 184 calves before and after immunisation with liveBabesia berbera parasites. Ninety per cent of the animals were negative at time of immunisation. Titres of 1∶64 and 1∶256 appeared 14 days after immunisation. From day 34 till 615 after immunisation all animals tested were positive. Three out of 24 calves challenged with live parasites after immunisation reacted with fever or parasites in spite of circulating antibody titres of 1∶256 or higher.

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Sumario Pruebas serologicas fueron llevadas a cabo en 184 terneros antes y despues de la immunización con parásitos vivos deBabesia berbera. Noventa y cuatro por ciento de los animals fueron negativos al momento de la immunizacion. Titulos de 1∶64 y 1∶256 aparecieron alrededor de 14 dias despues de la immunización. Desde los 34 hasta los 615 dias despues de la immunización todos los animales muestreados fueron positivos. Tres de 24 terneros desafiados con parasitos vivos despues de la immunización reaccionaron con fiebre ó parásitos a pesar de tener títulos de anticuerpos circulantes de 1∶256 o mas.

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Résumé Des épreuves sérologiques ont été effectuées sur cent quqtre vingt quatre veaux avant et après immunisation avec desBabesia berbera vivantes. Quatre vingt dix pour cent des animaux ont réagi négativement au moment de l'immunisation. Des taux d'anticorps de 1∶64 et 1∶256 sont apparus quatorze jours après l'immunisation. Du 34e au 615e jour après l'immunisation, tous les animaux testés ont réagi positivement. Trois veaux sur vingt quatre soumis à l'épreuve avec des parasites vivants après l'immunisation ont réagi par de la fièvre ou l'apparition de parasites, malgré des taux d'anticorps circulant de 1∶256 ou plus.

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