Genetic variation in a population of tetraploid potatoes: Foliar resistance to oviposition of the potato leafhopper     

L. L. Sanford  O. V. Carlson  E. T. Hibbs 《American Journal of Potato Research》1972,49(3):98-108

Oviposition by the potato leafhopperEmpoasca fabae was measured on detached leaflets from nine half-sib groups (18 full-sib families) of tetraploid potatoes. The parents were clones that had been used in the USDA breeding program. Significant differences occurred among full-sib families, and between full-sib families with a common parent, but not among half-sib groups. The variance component for between full-sib families with a common parent averaged over twice as large as the component due to differences among half-sib groups. Although this could be due to intra-locus interaction, it seemed that common environmental effects were a more likely cause. Previous feeding on beans affected leafhopper oviposition in the first 4-day test period. By the 2nd test period the effect had disappeared, and results in test periods 2, 3, and 4 were consistent with each other. With a procedure including a feeding period on potatoes before testing, phenotypic selection of individuals was shown to be more efficient than selection by progeny testing with half or full-sib families for increasing resistance to oviposition. The ranking of families by the amount of oviposition on detached leaflets and by nymph infestation densities in the field were similar at the extremes of the resistance range, but variable in between.  相似文献   

Comparison of spatially explicit forest landscape fire disturbance models     

Chao Li  Harinder Hans  Hugh Barclay  Jianwei Liu  Greg Carlson  Doug Campbell 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008

Comparisons of model behaviors are an efficient way of understanding the differences amongst various models and thus providing guidance to model users for selecting suitable models for their own purposes. This study focuses on a comparison of the most commonly used fire spread algorithms used in scenario fire regime models. This paper provides an overview of fire regime modeling and describes a simulation model, Ecological Disturbance Model, as a simulation shell for such a comparison using the Fort A La Corne forest area in central Saskatchewan, Canada, as the study area. Simulation results suggested that for a fire scenario modeling approach, various fire spread algorithms such as DISPATCH, percolation, and cellular automata (CA) may not result in significant differences between user-defined and simulated fire frequencies; however, significant differences in simulated forest dynamics could result when using different fire spread algorithms. The simulation results from DISPATCH and CA are more similar than those from the percolation algorithm; however, the latter appeared to be a better representative of observed fire spread processes due to its underlying assumption of fire spread mechanisms. Simulation results also suggested that the fire spread algorithms that replicate four or eight direction fire spread in percolation and CA will not make a significant difference in simulated fire regimes or forest dynamics. It is thus recommend that using simulation shells as a tool to take alternative assumptions or models into account to narrow down the uncertainty parameters and avoid the paradoxes in the modeling of natural resource management.  相似文献   

Modeling mid-rotation fertilizer responses using the age-shift approach     

Colleen A. Carlson  Thomas R. Fox  H. Lee Allen  Timothy J. Albaugh  Forest Nutrition Cooperative 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,256(3):256

Growth and yield modelers have incorporated mid-rotation fertilizer responses by: modifying site index; developing new models to include fertilizer responses directly; using multipliers or additional terms to scale existing models. We investigated the use of age-shifts to model mid-rotation fertilizer responses. Age-shift prediction models were constructed from 43 installations of a nitrogen (0, 112, 224 and 336 kg ha⁻¹ elemental) by phosphorus (0, 28 and 56 kg ha⁻¹ elemental) factorial experiment established in mid-rotation loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine stands in the southeastern US. Age-shifts for dominant height and basal area increased with time after fertilization, to a maximum and then either remained fairly constant, or declined. The initial rate of increase, maximum age-shift and decline were functions of the rate and combinations of fertilizers applied, as well as stand density and age at fertilization. Volume age-shifts increased linearly throughout the 10-year measurement period for most treatments with the rate of increase being a function of the elements applied, stocking, site index and age at fertilization. A mid-rotation fertilizer application of 224 and 28 kg ha⁻¹ elemental N and P, respectively, resulted in age-shifts of 1.1, 1.9 and 2.4 years for dominant height, basal area and volume, respectively, 10 years after fertilization. The age-shifts were incorporated into growth and yield models.  相似文献   

Method for Precision Nitrogen Management in Spring Wheat: II. Implementation     

Long  Dan S.  Engel  Richard E.  Carlson  Gregg R. 《Precision Agriculture》2000,2(1):25-38

By accounting for spatial variation in soil N levels, variable-rate fertilizer application may improve crop yield and quality, and N use efficiency within fields. The main purpose of this study was to demonstrate how site-specific wheat yield and protein data, and a geographic information system may be used in developing precision N-recommendations for spring wheat. The three steps in the procedure include: (1) estimate the amount of N-removed in wheat in the year in which the crop is harvested, (2) estimate the N-deficit, defined as the amount of additional N needed for raising protein concentration in a future crop to a specified target level, and (3) estimate the total N-recommendation by summing the mapped values of the N-removed and the N-deficit. A map for variable-rate application of fertilizer is derived by specifying cutoff values to divide the range in the total N-recommendation into classes representing N management zones.A field experiment was conducted within an annually cropped wheat field (101 ha) in northern Montana to determine whether the proposed method could improve grain yields and protein levels. The N-removal and N-deficit were estimated from site-specific wheat yield and protein data that were acquired during harvest of 1996. In 1997, which was a dry year, an experiment was conducted in the same field that consisted of a randomized complete block design arranged as pairs of strip plots. Variable- or uniform-rate N treatments were randomly assigned to each pair of strips. Both treatments received nearly the same amount of fertilizer, however, N in the variable treatment was varied to match patterns in grain yield and protein levels that previously existed in 1996. Yields were not significantly different between management systems, but proteins were significantly enhanced by spatially variable N application. In addition, variability in protein levels was reduced within the whole field. Field areas deficient in N fertility could be identified without having to sample for soil profile N.  相似文献   

Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the tarsus of foals and relationship to osteochondrosis     

Olstad K  Ytrehus B  Ekman S  Carlson CS  Dolvik NI 《Equine veterinary journal》2008,40(1):30-39

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Pathological changes in the blood supply to growth cartilage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis (OC) in horses, but have not been reported using vascular perfusion techniques. OBJECTIVE: To describe the developmental pattern of cartilage canal vessels in the distal tibial epiphysis and talar growth cartilage of foals. METHODS: Nine foals bred from parents with OC were sacrificed between the ages of 0 and 7 weeks to undergo a barium perfusion procedure. The distal end of the tibia and the entire talus were cleared in methyl salicylate and perfused vessels studied in the intact bones. Slabs with a thickness of 4-5 mm from 3 predilection sites for OC were examined in the stereomicroscope and with light microscopy. RESULTS: Cartilage canals were present for a limited period of growth. Perfused vessels initially entered canals from the perichondrium. Vessels in the proximal portion of canals retained their perichondrial arterial source throughout. With time, the ossification front advanced to incorporate the mid-portion of canals; and anastomoses formed between canal vessels and subchondral vessels. A shift occurred and vessels in the distal terminus of canals came to use subchondral vessels as their arterial source. Twelve histological lesions were found in 7 foals. All contained necrotic vessels surrounded by necrotic growth cartilage and 3 caused macroscopically visible delay in endochondral ossification. Lesions were located where vessels traversed the ossification front to enter the distal terminus of canals. CONCLUSION: Cartilage canal vessels are particularly susceptible to failure at the point where they cross the ossification front, with consequences for the viability of those chondrocytes that depend on them. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: A better understanding of how lesions of OC arise may improve the ability to identify, monitor, prevent and treat this disorder. Involvement of cartilage canals in the pathogenesis of equine tarsal OC plausibly explains several clinical features of this disease.  相似文献   

Aerosol exposure of ammonia, dust and Escherichia coli in broiler chickens.          下载免费PDF全文

O O Oyetunde  R G Thomson    H C Carlson 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1978,19(7):187-193

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Development and application of genetically engineered viral vaccines of poultry     

J H Carlson 《Avian diseases》1986,30(1):24-27

Recombinant DNA techniques may completely revolutionize the way vaccines are developed and used. They offer potentially purer, safer, and greater efficacy than many currently used vaccines. This paper describes the various current approaches being used to develop recombinant vaccines. Genes are being cloned into bacteria, yeast, viruses, and eukaryotic cells. Synthetic polypeptides of specific epitopes are also covered. Scientific, practical, economic, and government approval to use recombinant vaccines in the field is also discussed.  相似文献   

Preliminary investigation of alterations in blood viscosity, cellular composition, and electrophoresis plasma protein fraction profile after competitive racing activity in Thoroughbred horses     

C P Coyne  G P Carlson  M S Spensley  J Smith 《American journal of veterinary research》1990,51(12):1956-1963

In this preliminary investigation, various hematologic variables potentially influential in determining the degree of blood viscosity were evaluated in 10 Thoroughbred horses subjected to competitive acute running exercise. Following completion of sprints over a distance of 1.25 miles, mean percent (+/- SD) increases in PCV (38.3 +/- 12.9%), RBC (47.8 +/- 15.3%), and rouleaux index (232.7 +/- 176.8%) were recognized. Simultaneous increases in total plasma protein (28.3 +/- 5.31%), serum albumin (26.7 +/- 6.80%), alpha 1-globulin (60.0 +/- 49.0%), alpha 2-globulin (25.5 +/- 27.9%), beta 1-globulin (46.7 +/- 21.1%), beta 2-globulin (35.0 +/- 50.6%), gamma 1- and 2-globulins (38.7 +/- 29.6%), and plasma fibrinogen (12.5 +/- 10.4%) concentrations increased simultaneously. Horses also had consistent decreases in albumin:globulin ratio (-10.0 +/- 7.43%). Alterations in these hematologic values after acute running exercise in Thoroughbred horses accompanied increases in serum (69.3 +/- 39.7%), plasma (39.7 +/- 11.9%), and blood (134.7 +/- 55.3%) viscosity.  相似文献   

Effect of monensin and supplemental hay on ruminal 3-methylindole formation in adult cows after abrupt change to lush pasture.     

M J Potchoiba  J R Carlson  M R Nocerini  R G Breeze 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(1):129-133

The effect of feeding monensin, with or without dry hay plus wilted forage, on ruminal formation of 3-methylindole (3MI) was investigated in pastured cattle. Eighty-two cows were allotted to 3 groups. Cows of group-1 served as controls and were given a daily energy supplement (1 kg/head) without monensin for 1 day before and for 7 days after being allowed access to lush pasture. Cows of groups 2 and 3 were given the same daily energy supplement, which also contained monensin (200 mg/kg of supplement). Cows of group 3 also were fed dry hay for 5 days before the start of the study and continued to be given supplemental hay for 4 days after being allowed access to lush pasture containing a layer of wilted forage. Ruminal 3MI and indole concentrations increased on day 1 after all groups were allowed access to lush pasture. By day 7, 3MI concentration in all cows had decreased to pregrazing concentration. Indole concentration did not reach pregrazing concentration until day 10 for cows of groups 1 and 2. Group-3 cows had pregrazing indole concentration on day 7. Ruminal indole concentration did not differ (P greater than 0.05) between groups 1 and 2. Ruminal indole concentration was lower (P less than 0.01) in group-3 cows on all sample collection days, except day 10, compared with that in the other groups. Monensin reduced (P less than 0.01) 3MI formation on days 1 and 7 in group-2 cows, compared with group-1 cows. Group-3 cows had lower 3MI concentration than did group-1 cows (P less than 0.01) on days -1, 1, 4, and 7.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

Clinical and diagnostic features of portosystemic shunt in a foal     

A M Buonanno  G P Carlson  B Kantrowitz 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1988,192(3):387-389

Portosystemic shunt was diagnosed in a 6-month-old Quarter Horse filly with acute onset of apparent blindness and a 3-month history of depression, lethargy, and ataxia. Clinicopathologic test results indicated slightly high gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and serum total bilirubin concentration. Sulfobromophthalein half time was prolonged, and plasma ammonia and serum bile acid concentrations were high as well. Histopathologic findings of percutaneous liver biopsy included widespread hepatocyte atrophy and numerous prominent small arterioles in the area of the portal triad. On the basis of history, clinical findings, and clinicopathologic abnormalities, a presumptive diagnosis of portosystemic vascular anomaly was made. To confirm the tentative diagnosis, nuclear hepatic scintigraphy and operative mesenteric portography were performed. Medical treatment was unsuccessful, and the foal was euthanatized. Portosystemic shunts have been described in dogs and cats, but few cases have been reported in large animal species. Other, more common causes of neurologic abnormalities in foals, such as trauma, vertebral body abscesses, brain abscesses, and meningitis, must be ruled out before portosystemic shunt is considered.  相似文献