Germination of Wheat: A Functional Proteomics Analysis of the Embryo     

Yunxian Mak  Robert D. Willows  Thomas H. Roberts  Colin W. Wrigley  Peter J. Sharp  Les Copeland 《Cereal Chemistry》2009,86(3):281-289

Germination in the soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Rosella was followed for three days after imbibition by proteomic analysis of the germ tissue. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis was performed in triplicate for proteins extracted from embryos dissected from mature grain and from grains germinated for 1, 2, and 3 days. For this period, 63 proteins (in 86 spots) in the germ were identified as decreasing in abundance, 35 proteins (in 60 spots) as increasing in abundance, and 28 proteins (in 39 spots) as exhibiting no significant abundance change. Proteins with significant abundance changes are discussed in relation to physiology; these include proteases, amylases and amylase inhibitors, enzymes in lipid metabolism, proteins related to water stress, cell wall hydrolases, oxalate oxidase, and H⁺‐ATPases. Functions associated with proteins synthesized during the germination period are inconsistent with the embryo of mature grain being fully primed for germination.  相似文献   

The Population Structure of Phytophthora infestans from the Toluca Valley of Central Mexico Suggests Genetic Differentiation Between Populations from Cultivated Potato and Wild Solanum spp     

Flier WG  Grünwald NJ  Kroon LP  Sturbaum AK  van den Bosch TB  Garay-Serrano E  Lozoya-Saldaña H  Fry WE  Turkensteen LJ 《Phytopathology》2003,93(4):382-390

ABSTRACT The population structure of Phytophthora infestans in the Toluca Valley of central Mexico was assessed using 170 isolates collected from cultivated potatoes and the native wild Solanum spp., S. demissum and S. xendinense. All isolates were analyzed for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) multi-locus fingerprint genotype. Isolate samples were monomorphic for mtDNA haplotype because all isolates tested were of the Ia haplotype. A total of 158 multilocus AFLP genotypes were identified among the 170 P. infestans isolates included in this study. P. infestans populations sampled in the Toluca Valley in 1997 were highly variable and almost every single isolate represented a unique genotype based on the analysis of 165 AFLP marker loci. Populations of P. infestans collected from the commercial potato-growing region in the valley, the subsistence potato production area along the slopes of the Nevado de Toluca, and the native Solanum spp. on the forested slopes of the volcano showed a high degree of genetic diversity. The number of polymorphic loci varied from 20.0 to 62.4% for isolates collected from the field station and wild Solanum spp. On average, 81.8% (135) of the AFLP loci were polymorphic. Hetero-zygosity varied between 7.7 and 19.4%. Significant differentiation was found at the population level between strains originating from cultivated potatoes and wild Solanum spp. (P = 0.001 to 0.022). Private alleles were observed in individual isolates collected from all three populations, with numbers of unique dominant alleles varying from 9 to 16 for isolates collected from commercial potato crops and native Solanum spp., respectively. Four AFLP markers were exclusively found present in isolates collected from S. demissum. Indirect estimation of gene flow between populations indicated restricted gene flow between both P. infestans populations from cultivated potatoes and wild Solanum hosts. There was no evidence found for the presence of substructuring at the subpopulation (field) level. We hypothesize that population differentiation and genetic isolation of P. infestans in the Toluca Valley is driven by host-specific factors (i.e., R-genes) widely distributed in wild Solanum spp. and random genetic drift.  相似文献   

Coordination polymers of osmium: the nature of osmium black   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

J S Hanker  F Kasler  M G Bloom  J S Copeland  A M Seligman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,156(783):1737-1738

The design of cytochemical reagents that yield osmiophilic products from which an osmium black may be derived on exposure to osmium tetroxide has resulted in new methods described previously for the ultrastructural demonstration of enzyme activity and functional groups of macromolecules with the electron microscope. Attempts to determine the nature of the osmium black end products have been frustrated by their insolubility. The preparation of watersoluble analogs and their characterization as polymers suggest that the insoluble osmium blacks are coordination polymers. This is consonant with the unusually favorable properties of osmium black in electron microscopy. Although polymers of osmium have frequently been postulated as the end products of reaction of osmium tetroxide with tissue conistituents or with other organic compounds, this is the first example of their characterization.  相似文献   

Defibrinated bovine plasma inhibits retroviral transcription by blocking p52 activation of the NFkappaB element in the long terminal repeat.          下载免费PDF全文

Marianne J. van den Heuvel  Karen F. Copeland  Elizabeth C. Cates  Barbara J. Jefferson    Robert M. Jacobs 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2007,71(2):119-128

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Genotype and Environmental Influences on Pasting Properties of Rice Flour     

Jennifer Minh‐Chau Dang  Les Copeland 《Cereal Chemistry》2004,81(4):486-489

The pasting behavior of flour from several Australian rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, differing in amylose content and grown in three different locations and three seasons, were determined using the Rapid Visco Analyser. Genotype, growth season, and growth location all affected the pasting behavior of rice flour. The amylose content of the same cultivar was significantly higher in the coolest growing season, resulting in RVA traces with lower peak viscosity and higher setback than samples with lower amylose content. When the same cultivar of rice was grown in different locations in the same season, there were no significant differences in the total starch, protein, lipid, and amylose content of the flour, but there were significant differences in the pasting behavior. This indicates that environmental as well as genetic factors influence the pasting behavior of rice flour. Flour from parboiled and quick‐cooking rice did not paste and had low viscosities compared with unprocessed rice. Results from this study showed that the pasting behavior of rice flour was related to genotype and was influenced by environmental factors that brought about subtle changes in the grains that were not picked up by chemical analyses.  相似文献   

Characterization of gp41 as the transmembrane protein coded by the HTLV-III/LAV envelope gene   总被引：89，自引：0，他引：89  

F D Veronese  A L DeVico  T D Copeland  S Oroszlan  R C Gallo  M G Sarngadharan 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,229(4720):1402-1405

Radiolabeled amino acid sequencing was used to characterize gp41, an antigen of HTLV-III/LAV, the virus believed to be the etiological agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This antigen is the one most commonly detected in immunoblot assays by sera of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and other individuals infected with HTLV-III/LAV. A mouse monoclonal antibody that was reactive with gp41 precipitated a 160-kilodalton protein (gp160) in addition to gp41, but did not precipitate a 120-kilodalton protein (gp120) from extracts of metabolically labeled cells producing HTLV-III. Extracts of infected cells that had been labeled with tritiated leucine or isoleucine were immunoprecipitated with the monoclonal antibody. The immunoprecipitates were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the p41 was eluted from the gel bands and subjected to amino-terminal radiolabeled amino acid sequencing by the semiautomated Edman degradation. Leucine residues occurred in cycles 7, 9, 12, 26, 33, and 34 among 40 cycles and isoleucine occurred in cycle 4 among 24 cycles analyzed. Comparison of the data with the deduced amino acid sequence of the env gene product of HTLV-III precisely placed gp41 in the COOH-terminal region of the env gene product. Gp160 is thus the primary env gene product and it is processed into gp120 and gp41.  相似文献   

The effect of interval from haulm destruction to harvest on the gangrene potential of tubers in storage     

R. B. Copeland  C. Logan 《Potato Research》1976,19(3):203-213

Summary The potential of tubers to develop gangrene, assessed as disease incidence following wounding and cool storage, was often lowest when tubers were harvested on the day of haulm destruction and almost invariably increased as the period before harvest was extended. The time and size of the increase varied between experiments and in one of four relationships recognised in four years of experimentation it was followed by a fall in gangrene potential so that tubers left in the ground for 9 weeks had the same gangrene incidence as those lifted at haulm destruction. Varying gangrene potential was interpreted as reflecting changes in the concentration ofPhoma exigua var.foveata inoculum on tuber surfaces but the reasons for its build-up and decline were obscure.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe von Versuchen diente der Abkl?rung der Hypothese, dass das Phoma-Potential der Knollen durch die Zeitdauer, welche die Knollen nach der Krautvernichtung im Boden bleiben, beeinflusst wird. Die Hypothese wurde aufgrund der Erkenntnis aufgestellt, dass sich nach der chemischen Staubenvernichtung das InokulumP. exigua var.foveata im Boden rund um die Kartoffelpflanzen entwickelt (Griffith, 1970) und dass sich Stengelpyknidien, die eine Quelle des bei der Ernte auf den Knollen vorhandenen Inokulums sein k?nnen (Logan, 1967a), nach dem Altern der Stengel entwickeln. Ausgekeimte Knollen im Durchmesser von 32–57 mm wurden in nicht kontaminierten Boden ausgepflanzt (Abstand in der Reihe 30 cm. Furchenabstand 71 cm). Inokulum vonP. exigua var.foveata wurde als kranke oder l?sionsfreie, aber kontaminierte Knollen verwendet, oder es wurde beim Pflanzen dem Boden beigefügt. Inokulierter Boden wurde mit Knollen, die von Stengelschnitten stammten, bepflanzt. Weitere Angaben finden sich in Tabelle 1. Die Knollen wurden nach der Krautvernichtung in verschiedenen Abst?nden geerntet, bei Umwelttemperaturen bis im November gelagert, dann w?hrend 4–8 Wochen bei 5°C gehalten. Nachher wurden sie verletzt (Logan, 1967b) und wiederum bei 5°C gelagert. Der Prozentsatz an Verletzungen, bei denen sich eine Infektion entwickelte, wurde als Phoma-Potential der Knollen bezeichnet und als Mass für die Konzentration des Inokulums vonP. exigua var.foveata auf den Knollenoberfl?chen erachtet. Dieser Prozentsatz war bei Anwendung einer Boden-K?der-Technik (Entwistle, 1971) mit den Mengen des in der Erde vorgefundenen Inokulums korreliert (Tabelle 2). Diese Erde stammte von den Knollenoberfl?chen. Die Ergebnisse der vier Jahre dauernden Versuche (Abb. 1–4), in denen das Phoma-Potential durch die zeitlichen Abst?nde von der Krautvernichtung bis zur Ernte stark beeinflusst wurde, lassen sich in 4 verschiedenen Beziehungstypen zwischen den 2 Parametern zusammenfassen. Wie Griffith (1970) feststellte, erh?ht sich in der Regel das Phoma-Potential, wenn die Knollen nach der Krautvernichtung noch einige Zeit im Boden gelassen werden. Der Zeitpunkt und der Umfang dieser Zunahme schwankte aber stark, und unter gewissen Umst?nden brachte eine sp?te Ernte eine Reduktion des Phoma-Potentials. Zunahmen im Phoma-Potential zu diesem Zeitpunkt bedeuten, dass die Konzentration des InokulumsP. exigua var.foveata sich nach der Krautvernichtung auf der Knollenoberfl?che entwickelt und zudem, dass es manchmal entweder eingehen oder physisch von der Knollenoberfl?che entfernt sein kann. Stengelpyknidien sind als eine Quelle dieses Inokulums bekannt (Logan, 1967a, 1970), und Wurzeln, Stolonen und die Mutterknolle werden als weitere Quellen vermutet (Logan, 1974). Es wurde kein Versuch gemacht, irgendwelche dieser abgestorbenen Pflanzenteile als Quellen für das Inokulum in den Knollen in die Experimente mit einzuschliessen. Aber die Betrachtung der Zusammenh?nge zwischen dem Phoma-Potential und der Zeitspanne bis zur Ernte weist darauf hin, dass sie alle zur einen oder andern Zeit wichtig sind. Die Untersuchungen werden fortgesetzt. um festzustellen, ob dies so ist.

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Résumé Pour vérifier que les possibilités d'évolution de la gangrène sont influencées par la durée de maintien dans le sol des tubercules, après destruction des fanes, une série d'essais a été mise en place. Cette hypothèse a été formulée à partir des faits suivants: 1. L'inoculum dePhoma exigua var.foveata, peut s'accumuler dans le sol environnant les plantes de pomme de terre, après que les fanes aient été détruites chimiquement (Griffith, 1970). 2. Les pycnides, qui peuven être à l'origine de la présence de l'inoculum sur les tubercules récoltés, apparaissent sur les tiges après la sénescence des fanes (Logan, 1967a). Des tubercules germés, de calibre 32–57 mm ont été plantés à un écartement de 71 cm entre les ranges et 30 cm sur le rang dans un sol non infesté. L'inoculum deP. exigua var.foveata a été apporté, soit par des tubercules malades ou indemnes de lésions mais contaminés, soit par inoculation du sol à la plantation. Un sol inoculé a été planté avec des tubercules issus de boutures de tige. Les autres détails sont donnés dans le tableau 1. Les tubercules ont été récoltés à différentes dates après destruction des fanes, stockés à température ambiante jusqu'au mois de novembre, puis gardés à 5°C pendant 4–6 semaines; ensuite ils ont été blessés (Logan, 1967b) et conservés de nouveau à 5°C. Le pourcentage de blessures développant l'infection a été assimilé à la gangrène potentielle et on a supposé que ce pouvait être une mesure de la concentration d'inoculum deP. exigua var.foveata sur les tubercules, puisqu'il était en corrélation avec les quantités d'inoculum trouvé dans la terre prélevée à leur surface en utilisant la technique d'inoculation sur tubercules ‘piéges’ (Entwistle, 1971). Durant les quatre années d'essais, la gangrène potentielle a été largement influencée par la durée de maintien des tubercules dans le sol et les résultats obtenus (fig. 1 à 4) ont permis de mettre en évidence 4 relations entre les 2 paramètres: celles-ci sont représentées graphiquement. Ainsi que l'avait signalé Griffith (1970), la gangrène potentielle a généralement augmenté mais avec de grandes variations et, dans quelques circonstances, des arrachages tardifs ont entrainé une réduction. Des augmentations de la gangrène potentielle, à cette époque, impliquent que la concentration d'inoculum deP. exigua var.foveata s'accro?t au niveau des tubercules après destruction des fanes, mais elle peut quelquefois diminuer. Les pycnides portées par les tiges sont considérées comme source de cet inoculum (Logan, 1967a, 1970) et on a pensé que les racines, les stolons et le tubercule-mère en étaient d'autres (Logan, 1974). Dans ces essais, il n'y a pas de raison d'impliquer directement l'une des parties sénescentes de la plante comme source d'inoculum mais, compte tenu des relations entre la gangrène potentielle et la durée de maintien dans le sol, on peut supposer qu'elles ont toutes leur importance à un moment ou à un autre. Les recherches continuent dans ce sens.

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Light intensity effects on early life stages of black sea bass, Centropristis striata (Linnaeus 1758)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kimberly A Copeland  & Wade O Watanabe 《Aquaculture Research》2006,37(14):1458-1463

The effects of four light intensities on growth and survival of first‐feeding stage black sea bass larvae Centropristis striata were investigated in a controlled‐environment laboratory. Fertilized eggs, obtained from LHRHa‐induced spawning of captive broodstock, were stocked (72 eggs L^?1) into twenty 15 L black tanks under light intensities of 100, 500, 1000 and 1500 lx, with five replicate tanks per treatment. The photoperiod was 12L:12D, the temperature was 20°C and the salinity was 35 g L^?1. Larvae were fed rotifers Brachionus rotundiformis from day 2 post‐hatching (d 2ph) at 5–10 rotifers mL^?1. Microalgae Nannochloropis oculata and Isochrysis sp. were added (1:1) daily to maintain a density of 300 000 cells mL^?1. Hatching success and larval growth and survival from d 2ph through d 15ph were monitored. Hatching success was 28–38% under all light intensities, and notochord length at hatching ranged from 2.8 to 3.0 mm, with no significant differences among treatments. By d 15ph, growth (mg wet weight) was significantly higher in the 1000 lx (0.914) and 1500 lx treatments (0.892) than in 100 lx (0.483), and a highly significant trend (P<0.01) towards increased survival with increasing light intensities was observed, from 1.3% at 100 lx to 13.9% at 1500 lx. Higher light intensities within the range of 100–1500 lx improved growth and survival of early larval black sea bass, suggesting that even higher light intensities may improve culture performance. This is consistent with conditions in shallow, near‐shore locations where eggs and larvae are distributed in nature.  相似文献   

Gene therapy insertional mutagenesis insights     

Davé UP  Jenkins NA  Copeland NG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5656):333

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Genome maps 10. Comparative genomics. Mammalian radiations. Wall chart     

O'Brien SJ  Eisenberg JF  Miyamoto M  Hedges SB  Kumar S  Wilson DE  Menotti-Raymond M  Murphy WJ  Nash WG  Lyons LA  Menninger JC  Stanyon R  Wienberg J  Copeland NG  Jenkins NA  Gellin J  Yerle M  Andersson L  Womack J  Broad T  Postlethwait J  Serov O  Bailey E  James MR  Marshall Graves JA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,286(5439):463-478

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