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81.
A comparison of the cardiopulmonary effects of pressure controlled ventilation and volume controlled ventilation in healthy anesthetized dogs 
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下载免费PDF全文 82.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1), may result in various clinical consequences, including severe respiratory disease and conjunctivitis, venereal disease and reduced reproductive performance and abortion. This paper presents the serosurveillance findings from an intake of bulls into a performance testing station in Ireland during November 2007. The herd and within-herd BoHV-1 prevalence in 53 Irish beef herds and the risk factors for infection in these herds were determined, among bulls entering a beef performance testing station in Ireland. BoHV-1 status was determined for 41 herds, of which 30 (73.2%) herds were infected and the mean within-herd BoHV-1 prevalence was 28 (± 20)%. Multivariate exact logistic modelling revealed increasing numbers of contiguous herds and decreasing percentage of males within the herd as significant risk factors associated with infected herds. These findings highlight the high prevalence of BoHV-1 infection in those Irish beef herds that submitted bulls to this performance testing station, and raise concerns regarding IBR control nationally. 相似文献
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Evaluation of a Novel Screw Position in a Type III Distal Phalanx Fracture Model: An Ex Vivo Study 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 84.
Mating‐induced endometritis (MIE) is ubiquitous in the horse after natural mating and artificial insemination with frozen/thawed semen causing the most aggressive response. The majority of mares eliminate MIE 24–48 h after insemination. An endometrial explant culture was tested as a potential in vitro exemplar for sperm‐induced MIE. Endometrial prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) secretion and expression of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) were used as markers of inflammation. Endometrial explants were cultured from uteri collected from follicular phase mares. Explants were challenged with 1 or 10 × 106 sperm/ml frozen/thawed semen, chilled semen, washed sperm or seminal plasma. Medium was collected 24 and 72 h after challenge and assayed for PGF2α by radioimmunoassay. Treatment of endometrial explants with frozen/thawed, chilled semen or washed sperm did not change the secretion of PGF2α compared with untreated controls. However, 24 h after challenge cultured explants expressed IL‐8. The in vitro endometrial explant system did not represent the in vivo response to semen when PGF2α was used as a marker of inflammation, yet the use of gene expression as an inflammatory marker warrants further investigation. 相似文献
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AIM: To gather information on the repeatability of a faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) test (FECRT), evaluating both different methods of calculating efficacy and variations within a method, in order to supply veterinarians and other advisors with sufficient information to apply some level of confidence around a diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance based on FECRT results. METHODS: Two commercial sheep farms were selected on the basis of having previously recorded FECR <95% after treatment with ivermectin (Farm 1) or albendazole (Farm 2). On each farm at least 250 lambs, managed as a single mob, were individually ear-tagged and sampled for FEC. The resulting counts were used, 3—4 days later, to sort the lambs into 24 groups of 10. First, the animals were split into three groups of 80, having high, medium or low FEC. Second, within each of these groups the 80 animals were further divided into four replicate mobs of 20 (each with the same mean count). Third, each of these replicates was further split into two groups of 10: those that would be drenched and those that would remain as untreated controls. All animals were again faecal-sampled and those in the drenched groups were dosed, using a syringe, to their individual liveweight, with ivermectin (Farm 1) or albendazole (Farm 2). Ten days after treatment all animals were individually faecal- sampled again. FEC and larval cultures were undertaken for all 24 groups from both pre- and post-treatment samples. Ef- ficacy (FECR) of the undifferentiated FECRT was calculated using three different equations, and efficacy by genus was also calculated. RESULTS: Calculated efficacies differed between equations, and the equation which did not utilise an untreated control yielded significantly lower efficacy estimates on both farms. Faecal cultures varied considerably in the proportions of parasite genera recovered. In general, this did not differ between FEC groups, except on Farm 1 where Haemonchus spp were more common and Cooperia spp less common in high-FEC samples. Estimated efficacies against individual genera varied considerably or very little, depending on the level of resistance. On both farms, differing proportions of tests against some genera passed or failed FECRTs based on a threshold pass mark of ≥95% FECR. CONCLUSION: There was considerable variability in the outcomes of FECRTs and in larval culture results. Caution is warranted in interpreting the results of FECRTs when efficacy values fall into the 90—95% range. Further, the possibility of a test returning a false-negative result is raised, indicating that even an efficacy estimated ≥95% may not guarantee the absence of resistant parasites. 相似文献
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SL Smith DM West PR Wilson GW de Lisle MG Collett C Heuer 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):240-243
Abstract AIM: To determine whether viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is present in skeletal muscle and blood in ewes with and without Johne's disease confirmed histologically. METHODS: A total of 51 mixed-aged ewes in poor body condition from a farm with a history of clinical Johne's disease were culled and examined at necropsy. BACTEC radiometric culture was performed on samples of skeletal muscle from the biceps femoris, mononuclear cells in peripheral blood (hereafter referred to as blood), and ileum. Histological sections and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)-stained impression smears of terminal ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes were examined. Ewes were defined as having confirmed Johne's disease if there was histopathological evidence typical of the disease within the ileum and adjacent lymph nodes. RESULTS: Eighteen of 21 (86%) ewes with confirmed clinical Johne's disease were culture-positive for Map from sites peripheral to the alimentary tract, comprising 15 from skeletal muscle and 13 from blood. Five of 30 (17%) ewes that did not have Johne's disease were culture-positive, with four from skeletal muscle and one from blood. The likelihood that ewes with confirmed Johne's disease had systemic Map infection compared with ewes without was determined as OR=30 (95% CI=6.3–142.0; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Map infection of skeletal muscle and blood in ewes with confirmed Johne's disease was 71% and 62% respectively, and in unaffected ewes was 13% for muscle and 3% for blood. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Skeletal muscle and blood are potential sources of exposure of humans to Map, and the risk appears higher from sheep with Johne's disease. 相似文献
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Abstract AIMS: To measure the development of Teladorsagia (=Ostertagia) circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis eggs to third-stage infective larvae (L3) at different times of the year. Also, to measure the spatial distribution of L3 across herbage, soil and faeces, in order to assess whether spatial issues could be important in larval dynamics on pasture. METHODS: Field plots were contaminated with sheep faeces containing approximately 20,000 eggs of each of T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis on five separate occasions, viz 01 December 1996 (summer), 18 March 1998 (autumn), 17 June 1998 (winter), 15 October 1998 (spring), and 23 July 1999 (winter). Replicate plots (n=10) were harvested at intervals for up to 12 months after deposition of faeces, and the number and distribution of L3 were measured. Larvae were sampled from faeces (where these remained), herbage, and three soil zones to a depth of 145 mm. RESULTS: There were large differences between contamination dates in the percentage of eggs that developed to L3. For both species the highest percentage development was for eggs deposited in December (7.8% and 25.9% for T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis, respectively) and the lowest for June (0.4% and 0.03% T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis, respectively). Development in winter was often delayed, and this was always associated with a low yield of larvae, probably due to compounding mortalities associated with long periods of exposure to low temperatures. The relative distribution of L3 present on herbage, in faeces or in the soil varied between sampling times. However, overall the most L3 were recovered from soil (74% and 66% for T.circumcincta and T. colubriformis, respectively, averaged over all samples), and the lowest recoveries were from the herbage. CONCLUSIONS: Although the data are limited, the results indicated that the highest percentage of eggs developed to infective larvae in summer and only minimal development occurred in winter. The data do not support the view that substantial contamination of pastures with sheep parasites occurs over winter. Large numbers of larvae were recovered from soil, which indicates that, assuming they can subsequently migrate onto herbage, soil is a potentially important reservoir ofinfective larvae in New Zealand. Therefore, the spatial distribution of L3 on pasture may affect both the dynamics and transmission of parasite populations. Further work on both these issues is warranted. 相似文献