Effect of Organic vs. Inorganic Selenium Supplementation on Expression of Selected Defensin Genes in Somatic Milk Cells of Dairy Cows     

Justyna Jarczak  ;Ewa Kosciuczuk  ;Jozef Krzyzewski  ;Lech Zwierzchowski  ;Emilia Bagnicka 《农业科学与技术》2014,(8):686-695

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Changes in bran structure by bioprocessing with enzymes and yeast modifies the in vitro digestibility and fermentability of bran protein and dietary fibre complex     

Emilia Nordlund  Kati Katina  Anna-Marja Aura  Kaisa Poutanen 《Journal of Cereal Science》2013

Bran is a good source of dietary fibre, phytochemicals, and also protein, but highly insoluble and recalcitrant structure of bran hinders accessibility of these components for gastrointestinal digestion. In the present work, influence of bioprocessing on the microstructure and chemical properties of rye bran and wheat bread fortified with the rye bran were studied. In vitro protein digestibility, and release of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ferulic acid in a gut model were studied. Bioprocessing of rye bran was performed with subsequent treatments with cell-wall hydrolysing enzymes (40 °C, 4 h) and yeast fermentation (20 °C, 20 h). Bioprocessing of rye bran resulted in reduced total dietary fibre content, caused mainly by degradation of fructan and β-glucan, and increased soluble fibre content, caused mainly by solubilisation of arabinoxylans. Microscopic analysis revealed degradation of aleurone cell wall structure of the bioprocessed rye bran. Bioprocessing caused release of protein from aleurone cells, assessed as a larger content of soluble protein in bran and a higher hydrolysis rate in vitro. Bioprocessed bran had also faster SCFA formation and ferulic acid release in the colon fermentation in vitro as compared to native bran.  相似文献   

Inactive fluorescently labeled xylanase as a novel probe for microscopic analysis of arabinoxylan containing cereal cell walls     

Dornez E  Cuyvers S  Holopainen U  Nordlund E  Poutanen K  Delcour JA  Courtin CM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(12):6369-6375

A new technique to visualize cereal cell walls by fluorescence microscopy was developed. The novel staining technique is based on an inactive fluorescently labeled xylanase binding to arabinoxylan (AX), an important polysaccharide in grain cell walls in terms of the technological and physiological functionalities of grain. The xylanase probe could stain AX in the seed coat, nucellar epidermis, aleurone layer, and starchy endosperm, but not the highly substituted AX of the pericarp layer. The advantage of this new staining technique over the existing immunolabeling techniques is that the staining procedure is clearly faster and less laborious, and uses a smaller probe that can easily be produced by marking a well characterized enzyme with a fluorescent label. In the future, the here proposed technology can be used to develop probes having specificity also for cell wall components other than AX and thus to study plant cell walls further through fluorescence microscopy.  相似文献   

Alpha- and β-casein components of host milk induce biofilm formation in the mastitis bacterium Streptococcus uberis     

Varhimo E  Varmanen P  Fallarero A  Skogman M  Pyörälä S  Iivanainen A  Sukura A  Vuorela P  Savijoki K 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,149(3-4):381-389

Streptococcus uberis is an environmental udder pathogen that infects cattle and can cause persistent intramammary infection (IMI), despite the fact that isolates are mainly susceptible to antibiotics. As biofilm growth can cause persistent infection, the ability of ten S. uberis isolates from clinical and subclinical IMIs to form biofilms on the polystyrene surface of a conventional 96-microplates model was examined. Biofilm formation was judged by different staining methods (crystal violet and resazurin) and by atomic force and fluorescence microscopy. These analyses revealed that two out of ten S. uberis strains tested were able to form biofilms. Upon treatment with Proteinase K, biofilms of S. uberis were completely disintegrated, which indicates that biofilm formation is protein-mediated in these strains. Addition of trace amounts of milk, the natural growth medium of S. uberis, significantly increased biofilm formation by most of the strains initially classified as non-biofilm producers. Alpha-casein and β-casein were the primary inducers of biofilm growth, and casein degradation by serine protease activity was required to achieve maximal biofilm production. These results suggest that the extracellular proteolytic activity of S. uberis contributes to an increased biofilm formation. Such a mode of growth induced by host proteins might help to explain the persistence of IMIs caused by this pathogen.  相似文献   

The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of bovine alpha-lactalbumin (LALBA) gene on LALBA expression in milk cells and milk traits of cows     

Malgorzata Ostrowska  Lech Zwierzchowski  Paulina Brzozowska  Ewelina Kawecka-Grochocka  Beata elazowska  Emilia Bagnicka 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(7)

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Reproductive performance, lipids and fatty acids of mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål) fed dietary lipid levels     

Veronica R Alava  Emilia T Quinitio  Jennette B de Pedro  Zenith G A Orosco  & Mathieu Wille 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(14):1442-1451

Natural food (NF, control), artificial diets (AD) containing total lipid levels of 10%, 12% and 14% (AD10, AD12 and AD14) and their combinations (AD10+NF, AD12+NF and AD14+NF) were fed for 112 days to pond‐sourced eyestalk‐ablated mud crab Scylla serrata (625±6.4 g) in tanks in order to determine their effects on reproduction and lipid profiles in broodstock tissues and zoeae. Crabs fed NF had the highest number of spawning followed by crabs fed AD10+NF and AD14+NF. Higher offspring production (number of zoeae) was obtained from crabs fed NF and AD+NF than from AD. As dietary total lipid levels increased, total lipid of broodstock ovaries, hepatopancreas, muscle and zoeae correspondingly increased in which AD+NF promoted higher levels than AD. Increased dietary total lipid levels enhanced lipid classes such as triacylglycerols and phosphatidyl choline levels in zoeae, all higher in crabs fed AD+NF than in AD. The major fatty acids in zoeae, particularly 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n‐9 and 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3, were higher in crabs fed AD+NF than in AD, the contents corresponding to broodstock dietary total lipid levels. A 10% total lipid in AD in combination with NF was sufficient to provide the essential lipids in crabs in the improvement of larval production and quality.  相似文献   

Stress-related physiological responses to handling in common dentex (Dentex dentex Linnaeus, 1758)     

Amalia E Morales  Gabriel Cardenete  Emilia Abellán  & Laura García-Rejón 《Aquaculture Research》2005,36(1):33-40

The effects of handling on haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma glucose, lactate and total amino acids, liver glycogen and hepatic activity of fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBPase) and alanine aminotransferase (AAT) were investigated in common dentex (Dentex dentex Linnaeus, 1758). A total of 42 fish (50‐g weight) were subjected to handling (netting and shaking in the air for 45 s). Six fish were sampled at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h after handling. Six unstressed fish were also sacrificed at each time and used as controls. Handling resulted in a rise in plasma glucose and lactate levels, as well as in enhanced hepatic FBPase and AAT activities. In most cases values returned to control levels 8 h after handling. There were no significant changes in haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma total amino acids and liver glycogen levels as a consequence of handling. The results suggest that dentex is rather tolerant to handling; apparently, sensitivity to handling is not the main factor responsible for the low survival exhibited by this species in aquaculture.  相似文献   

Mercerization mediated modification of cellulosic fibers with NIPAAm and some compounds with antioxidant activity     

Anamaria Irimia  Emilia Csiszar  Adina Coroabă  Cristian-Dragoş Varganici  Cornelia Vasile 《Fibers and Polymers》2016,17(10):1569-1578

A two step process was used for the modification of a cellulose/chitin mixed fibers: the first step was an alkali treatment with a NaOH solution (20 %), which was followed by the reaction with one of the reagents such as Nisopropylacrylamide, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, or eugenol. Both the samples activated with the alkali treatment and modified with chemicals were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis. Results revealed the morphological and structural changes of the fiber surface after the surface grafting, which significantly altered the cellulose/chitin mixed fiber properties. Thermal analysis results showed an increase in the thermal stability of the treated samples. Antioxidant activity of cellulose/chitin mixed fibers modified with phenolic compounds showed that the efficiency depends on the chemical nature of phenolic compound.  相似文献   

Effect of Hydrolyzing Enzymes on Wheat Bran Cell Wall Integrity and Protein Solubility     

Elisa Arte  Kati Katina  Ulla Holopainen‐Mantila  Emilia Nordlund 《Cereal Chemistry》2016,93(2):162-171

Wheat bran contains good quality protein, but given its location inside aleurone cells, this protein has restricted digestibility. The aim of this work was to liberate and solubilize wheat bran proteins via cell wall degradation by using carbohydrate‐hydrolyzing and proteolytic enzymes without causing extensive protein hydrolysis. Bran incubated with water (without added enzymes) for 16 h increased the solubilized organic nitrogen content from 14.0 to 42.8%. Enzymes with solely carbohydrate‐hydrolyzing activity increased the water‐soluble pentosan and reducing sugar contents but did not significantly increase protein solubilization or protein release from the aleurone cells. Enzymes with proteolytic activity significantly increased the solubilization of protein to 58.2% already at 4 h. Significant protein hydrolysis was detected with a high dosage of protease. However, based on light microscopy, the enzymatic treatment mainly modified the proteins in the subaleurone layer, and it was less effective on proteins inside the aleurone cells. With optimized protease treatment (3 h, 35°C, and 550 nkat/g), effective protein solubilization (>48%) without extensive protein hydrolysis (free amino nitrogen content <45 mg/L) was achieved. In conclusion, intensive solubilization of proteins in the subaleurone layer of wheat bran is possible by using exogenous enzymes with proteolytic activities.  相似文献   

Dual stable isotope analysis (δC and δN) of soil invertebrates and their food sources     

Olaf Schmidt  James P. Curry  Jens Dyckmans  Emilia Rota  Charles M. Scrimgeour 《Pedobiologia》2004,48(2):171-180

More research is required to validate and refine natural abundance stable isotope ratio techniques as a tool for the investigation of the feeding ecology of soil animals and trophic relations in soil food webs. Isotope ratios of C (δ¹³C) and N (δ¹⁵N) were measured in herbivorous and detritivorous invertebrate groups, namely lumbricid earthworms (7 species), enchytraeid worms (3 species), slugs (3 taxa), and their potential food sources in an arable system. Intrapopulation δ¹⁵N variation in the slug Deroceras reticulatum (n=52) was large (range 4.2‰), possibly reflecting spatial variability in the food sources. Significant correlations between C:N ratios and isotope ratios in earthworms suggest that factors other than feeding may influence isotopic patterns. One enchytraeid species, Enchytraeus buchholzi, was enriched in ¹³C and strongly depleted in ¹⁵N compared to all other groups. Invertebrates formed a continuum when considered in relation to C and N separately, but fell into two distinct groups on the basis of combined C and N isotope ratios. The less enriched group represents herbivorous and litter-feeding species, while the more enriched group represents soil feeders. It is concluded that δ¹³C measurements could provide a means of assigning separate baseline δ¹⁵N values to primary and secondary decomposers, which in turn could improve the inference of higher trophic levels, omnivory and intraguild predation.  相似文献