Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target‐site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides          下载免费PDF全文

Wesley Mair  Francisco Lopez‐Ruiz  Gerd Stammler  William Clark  Fiona Burnett  Derek Hollomon  Hideo Ishii  Tarlochan S Thind  James KM Brown  Bart Fraaije  Hans Cools  Michael Shaw  Sabine Fillinger  Anne-Sophie Walker  Emilia Mellado  Guido Schnabel  Andreas Mehl  Richard P Oliver 《Pest management science》2016,72(8):1449-1459

Evolved resistance to fungicides is a major problem limiting our ability to control agricultural, medical and veterinary pathogens and is frequently associated with substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the target protein. The convention for describing amino acid substitutions is to cite the wild‐type amino acid, the codon number and the new amino acid, using the one‐letter amino acid code. It has frequently been observed that orthologous amino acid mutations have been selected in different species by fungicides from the same mode of action class, but the amino acids have different numbers. These differences in numbering arise from the different lengths of the proteins in each species. The purpose of the present paper is to propose a system for unifying the labelling of amino acids in fungicide target proteins. To do this we have produced alignments between fungicide target proteins of relevant species fitted to a well‐studied ‘archetype’ species. Orthologous amino acids in all species are then assigned numerical ‘labels’ based on the position of the amino acid in the archetype protein. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

The fishery for Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the central Adriatic Sea (Italy): Preliminary observations comparing bottom trawl and baited creels     

Elisabetta B. Morello  Bruno Antolini  Maria Emilia Gramitto  R. James A. Atkinson  Carlo Froglia 《Fisheries Research》2009,95(2-3):325-331

The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, is mainly targeted by bottom trawlers whose selectivity (mesh size = 40 mm stretch) with respect to this species is poor producing large quantities of discards both in terms of demersal fish species and undersized Nephrops. The Pomo pit (central Adriatic Sea) is a very important nursery area for European hake, Merluccius merluccius, but is also the main trawling ground for the Adriatic fleet exploiting Nephrops. The use of baited creels may constitute an alternative to bottom trawling. This paper summarises experimental data collected from the western Pomo pit in order to compare bottom trawl and baited creel catches with the aim of evaluating the ecological consequences of creeling. Because of high scavenger activity in the area, the effect of this on the creel fishery was also investigated.A large fraction of the trawl catch was composed of juvenile undersized individuals of commercial species, the same was not true for creels. Composition of Nephrops catches differed markedly between creels and the bottom trawl. Scavenger activity was very high. The results indicate that ecologically the use of baited creels appears to be a valid alternative to bottom trawling but, unfortunately, may not comprise an economically viable solution in the investigated area, which is 30 nautical miles offshore.  相似文献   

A network meta‐analysis provides new insight into fungicide scheduling for the control of Botrytis cinerea in vineyards     

Elisa Gonzlez‐Domínguez  Giorgia Fedele  Tito Caffi  Laurent Delire  Pierre Sauris  David Gramaje  Jos Luis Ramos‐Saez de Ojer  Emilia Díaz‐Losada  Ana M Díez‐Navajas  Paul Bengoa  Vittorio Rossi 《Pest management science》2019,75(2):324-332

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Morphological characterization of Horsfield’s treeshrew Tupaia javanica lingual papillae: Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies     

Gian Gartiwa  Ulfah Damia  Emilia Ika Megawati  Stanislaus I. D. Pradipta  Geraldus Gunawan  Srikanth Karnati  Hevi Wihadmadyatami  Dwi Liliek Kusindarta 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2021,50(5):801-811

The Horsfield's treeshrew (Tupaia javanica) is one of the shrews found on the island of Java that mainly feeds on fruits and occasionally insects. This shrew has an important role in the ecosystem as it spreads plant seeds and controls insects. To this day, there is no available knowledge about the structure of Horsfield's treeshrew's tongue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide data on the tongue structure of the Horsfield's treeshrew through two different methods. We investigated the tongue morphology and lingual papillae distribution of Tupaia javanica using 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for microscopic structure and 2) histology for microscopic organization. Our macroscopic results revealed that the tongue of Tupaia javanica can be divided into three parts: apex, corpus and radix. The dorsal surface of the medial corpus is the median groove extending to the radix. Observation using SEM and light microscopy (LM) showed that the apex of the tongue bears three types of papillae: scale-like filiform, small filiform and fungiform. These are rosette filiform papillae, cornflower filiform papillae, conical papillae and fungiform papillae in the corpus. Meanwhile, the radix contains small filiform papillae, scale-like filiform papillae, vallate papillae, conical papillae and fungiform papillae. On the lateral posterior radix, Weber's gland reacts positively to PAS reaction. Taking together, our research shows that there are variations in the papillae on the tongue surface of Horsfield's treeshrew, and the variations of these papillae are very dependent on the pattern, type of food and the function of the tongue.  相似文献   

Droplet size and efficacy of an adulticide-larvicide ultralow-volume formulation on Aedes aegypti using different solvents and spray application methods     

Harburguer L  Seccacini E  Licastro S  Zerba E  Masuh H 《Pest management science》2012,68(1):137-141

BACKGROUND: When cases of dengue are reported or the density of adult Aedes aegypti (L.) becomes too high, ultralow-volume (ULV) application of insecticides is the recommended control method. The droplet size of an aerosol insecticide influences its efficiency in killing adult mosquitoes. Many studies have been carried out to determine the optimum droplet size that maximises vector control efforts, but only a few have determined droplet-size spectra for specific equipment using different solvents and comparing thermal and non-thermal aerosols. RESULTS: The present study showed that the droplet size for a water-based adulticide–larvicide formulation was larger than for the same formulation diluted in gasoil or biodiesel. No significant differences in adult mortality were observed between sprayers and solvents, but efficacy decreased with distance from the sprayer nozzle. Adult emergence inhibition was more than 90% when using water as a solvent for both thermal and cold foggers, and the efficacy did not decrease with distance from the sprayer nozzle. On the other hand, oil-based solvents became less effective with distance. CONCLUSION: The use of water as a solvent with both thermal and cold foggers improves the efficacy of the studied formulation containing permethrin as adulticide and pyriproxyfen as larvicide in scaled-up assays. Moreover, it reduces the environmental impact and costs of spraying by comparison with formulations using oil solvents. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Absorption of copper by Iris pseudacorus     

Emilia Barbolani Piccardi  Marina Clauser 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1983,19(2):185-192

Iris pseudacorous has been shown to possess a high affinity for absorption of heavy metals. Tests with Cu²⁺ solutions indicate that a higher amount of adsorbed metal is found in the roots than in the rhizome or leaves. High concentrations of sodium chloride as well as surfactants (both anionic and non ionic) have little affect on metal absorption. Sequestering agents prevent absorption, while weak ligands partially hinder.  相似文献   

Synthetic solid solutions formed between goethite and diaspore     

Emilia Wolska  Wojciech Szajda  Pawel Piszora 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1992,155(5):479-482

The substitutional solid solutions of goethite (a-FeOOH) and diaspore (α-AlOOH) have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and chemical analysis in order to establish the solubility limits of aluminium in the goethite structure. α-Fe_1-xAI_xOOH samples were obtained by ageing of coprecipitated amorphous (Fe,Al) hydroxides at pH 13 in NaOH and Na[Al(OH)₄] solutions at 25°C (G25 series) and 70°C (G70 series), respectively. Chemical analysis reveals that the aluminium content of Al goethites is consistent with Al concentration in the coprecipitated hydroxides up to about 10 mol% Al. In Al goethites obtained from (Fe,Al) hydroxides with higher Al:Fe ratios, the relative Al content is considerably lower. It was found that pure ferrihydrite stored in the aluminate solution is also transformed into Al goethite. The X-ray diffraction results show a significant divergence of the unitcell parameters from Vegard's law. This points out the limited ranges of the solid solution between goethite and diaspore and suggests the formation of defect, cation-deficient structures.  相似文献   

Serological evidence for BVDV-1 infection in goats in Poland - short communication     

Czopowicz M  Kaba J  Schirrmeier H  Bagnicka E  Szaluś-Jordanow O  Nowicki M  Witkowski L  Frymus T 《Acta veterinaria Hungarica》2011,59(3):399-404

A serological survey was conducted in 2007 in the breeding goat population in Poland to gain insights into the epidemiology of pestivirus infection. All breeding herds were included in the study and representative serum samples were taken in each herd to evaluate herd-level seroprevalence at 10% expected individual-level prevalence and 95% level of confidence. Altogether 1060 serum samples from 49 herds were tested with blocking ELISA and then the positive and inconclusive results were confirmed in a serum neutralisation test, which also allowed us to determine the pestivirus species responsible for seroconversion. Herd-level seroprevalence proved to be 10.2% and bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) was responsible for the seroconversion in seven out of eight cases. In the remaining serum sample the causative virus could not be identified due to a pronounced cross-neutralising activity possibly derived from multiple infections. This is the first report on the diagnosis of BVDV-1 infection in Polish goats.  相似文献   

Developing an online professional network for veterinary education: the NOVICE project     

Baillie S  Kinnison T  Forrest N  Dale VH  Ehlers JP  Koch M  Mándoki M  Ciobotaru E  de Groot E  Boerboom TB  van Beukelen P 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2011,38(4):395-403

An online professional network for veterinarians, veterinary students, veterinary educationalists, and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) educationalists is being developed under the EU (European Union) Lifelong Learning Programme. The network uses Web 2.0, a term used to describe the new, more interactive version of the Internet, and includes tools such as wikis, blogs, and discussion boards. Focus groups conducted with qualified and student veterinarians within the project's five founding countries (The Netherlands, Germany, United Kingdom, Hungary, Romania) demonstrated that online professional communities can be valuable for accessing information and establishing contacts. Online networks have the potential to overcome common challenges to face-to-face communities-such as distance, cost, and timing-but they have their own drawbacks, such as security and professionalism issues. The Network Of Veterinary ICt in Education (NOVICE) was developed using Elgg, an open-source, free social networking platform, after several software options had been considered. NOVICE aims to promote the understanding of Web 2.0, confidence to use social software tools, and participation in an online community. Therefore, the Web site contains help sections, Frequently Asked Questions, and access to support from ICT experts. Five months after the network's launch (and just over one year into the project) 515 members from 28 countries had registered. Further research will include analysis of a core group's activities, which will inform ongoing support for and development of informal, lifelong learning in a veterinary context.  相似文献   

Decline of maternal antibodies to small ruminant lentivirus in goat kids          下载免费PDF全文

Michał Czopowicz  Olga Szaluś‐Jordanow  Marcin Mickiewicz  Agata Moroz  Lucjan Witkowski  Iwona Markowska‐Daniel  Daria Reczyńska  Emilia Bagnicka  Jarosław Kaba 《Animal Science Journal》2018,89(9):1364-1370

We carried out this study to determine for how long small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV)‐specific antibodies can be detected by three commercial ELISA kits in goat kids after suckling infected does in field conditions. Forty‐one kids born to SRLV‐seropositive asymptomatic does were blood sampled prior to colostrum consumption, and then weekly for 6 months in total. The sera were screened with three commercial ELISA kits: whole‐virus ELISA (wELISA), recombinant transmembrane and capsid antigen ELISA (TM/CA‐ELISA), and surface antigen ELISA (SU‐ELISA). All but one kid were seronegative in all three ELISAs right after birth. At the age of 1 week all kids turned seropositive in wELISA, 39 kids (95%) in TM/CA‐ELISA, and 35 kids (85%) in SU‐ELISA. All seropositive kids turned seronegative in wELISA by the 15th week, and in SU‐ELISA by the 19th week (median of 8 weeks in both ELISA), whereas in TM/CA‐ELISA five kids (13% of 39 initially seropositive) were still seropositive at the age of 6 months (median of 11 weeks). Antibody levels at the age of 1 week proved significantly linked to the duration of maternal antibodies in all three ELISAs and could be employed to predict for how long maternal antibodies would remain detectable.  相似文献