Cataract surgery with foldable intraocular lens implants in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).     

J T H N de Faber  J H Pameijer  W Schaftenaar 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2004,35(4):520-524

Two juvenile, male, captive-born lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with the same father but different mothers developed bilateral cataracts. The cataracts were surgically removed within 6 yr and 3 mo, respectively, of diagnosis, and foldable intraocular lenses were implanted. Although vision was not restored in one eye with a mature, 6-yr-old cataract in gorilla A, surgical intervention on the other eye was performed before a complete cataract developed, and vision was fully restored. Gorilla B was treated at the age of 17 mo, and normal visual development proceeded in both eyes. This animal developed bilateral after-cataract and therefore needed a second intervention in both eyes using Nd:YAG laser treatment. The genetic component of juvenile cataracts should be considered in breeding management programs.  相似文献   

A method of ecotoxicological evaluation of environmental chemicals with birds as the test organism: the determination of shell stability     

H J Hamann  L Hartner  H von Faber 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1987,94(1):30-31

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The effect of selenium supplementation on immunity, and the establishment of an experimental Haemonchus contortus infection, in weaner Merino sheep fed a low selenium diet   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

PD JELINEK  T ELLIS  RH WROTH  SS SUTHERLAND  HG MASTERS  DS PETTERSON 《Australian veterinary journal》1988,65(7):214-217

SUMMARY: Immunity in 12 weaner Merino sheep fed a low selenium (Se) diet (low Se sheep) was compared with that in 10 matching sheep fed the same diet but each given an intraruminal Se pellet (high Se sheep), while the sheep were housed in individual, sheltered pens. All sheep were challenged with killed Brucella abortus cells (days 0 and 28), rabbit red blood cells (days 0, 7 and 28) and corynebaclerium pseudotuberculosis toxoid (days 0 and 28), and serum antibody titres were measured weekly for 8 weeks from day 0. The sheep were then experimentally infected with Haemonchus conforfus, and slaughtered 8 weeks later. The mean antibody titre to B. abortus, measured by 4 different tests, was significantly higher in the high Se sheep on occasions during the primary immune response phase (Rose Bengal test - day 21 (p < 0.05), day 28 (p < 0.025); complement fixation - day 7 (p < 0.05); enzyme-llnked immunosorbent assay - day 14 (p < 0.01); serum agglutination - no differences), but not during the secondary phase. The mean antibody titre to rabbit red blood cells, measured by haemagglutination test, was marginally higher in the high Se sheep on day 49 (p = 0.049). The mean antibody titre to C. pseudotuberculois, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was not significantly different between the groups at any time during the trial. In addition, the mean invitro responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin in the high Se sheep was significantly greater than that in 10 sheep from the low Se group on day 22 (p < 0.01), but not day 50. However, there were no significant differences in the mean number of sheep in which the infection with H. contortus established, time to first shedding of eggs in faeces, abomasal worm burdens at necropsy, or inflammatory response in the abomasal mucosa in the sheep in each group. The results showed that the low Se sheep produced strong overall immune responses that were largely comparable to those in the high Se sheep.  相似文献   

River discharge in relation to rainfall, evapotranspiration and lithology in the Serayu River Basin, central Java, Indonesia     

Th. Faber 《CATENA》1979,6(3-4)

Differences in mean annual specific discharge of small tributary rivers in the Serayu River Basin can not be explained from differences in annual precipitation and evapotranspiration only. The ratio of actual specific discharge to meteorological specific discharge, i.e. the discharge resulting from the precipitation after subtraction of the evapotranspiration is lower for basins in volcanic rocks than for those in sedimentaries.The hydrological properties of these rock types are used to explain this phenomenon.Larger basins will mostly consist of mixtures of different rock types. As a result larger basins tend to have ratios of actual to meteorological specific discharge between those for basins in volcanic rocks and those in sedimentaries.  相似文献   

Earthworm activity as a determinant for N₂O emission from crop residue     

Elena Rizhiya  Chiara Bertora  Petra C.J. van Vliet  Jack H. Faber 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(8):2058-2069

Earthworm activity may have an effect on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from crop residue. However, the importance of this effect and its main controlling variables are largely unknown. The main objective of this study was to determine under which conditions and to what extent earthworm activity impacts N₂O emissions from grass residue. For this purpose we initiated a 90-day (experiment I) and a 50-day (experiment II) laboratory mesocosm experiment using a Typic Fluvaquent pasture soil with silt loam texture. In all treatments, residue was applied, and emissions of N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) were measured. In experiment I the residue was applied on top of the soil surface and we tested (a) the effects of the anecic earthworm species Aporrectodea longa (Ude) vs. the epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) and (b) interactions between earthworm activity and bulk density (1.06 vs. 1.61 g cm⁻³). In experiment II we tested the effect of L. rubellus after residue was artificially incorporated in the soil. In experiment I, N₂O emissions in the presence of earthworms significantly increased from 55.7 to 789.1 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹ soil (L. rubellus; p<0.001) or to 227.2 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹ soil (A. longa; p<0.05). This effect was not dependent on bulk density. However, if the residue was incorporated into the soil (experiment II) the earthworm effect disappeared and emissions were higher (1064.2 μg N₂O-N kg⁻¹ soil). At the end of the experiment and after removal of earthworms, a drying/wetting and freezing/thawing cycle resulted in significantly higher emissions of N₂O and CO₂ from soil with prior presence of L. rubellus. Soil with prior presence of L. rubellus also had higher potential denitrification. We conclude that the main effect of earthworm activity on N₂O emissions is through mixing residue into the soil, switching residue decomposition from an aerobic and low denitrification pathway to one with significant denitrification and N₂O production. Furthermore, A. longa activity resulted in more stable soil organic matter than L. rubellus.  相似文献   

Studies on developmental stages of the horse chestnut scale insect,Pulvinaria regalis Canard (Hom., Coccidae), in the open land and in the laboratory     

Prof. Dr. Ç. Şengonca  Dipl.-Ing. Agr. T. Faber 《Journal of pest science》1996,69(3):59-63

In the presented paper the development of horse chestnut scale insect,Pulvinaria regalis Canard, was studied a on red horse chestnut (Aesculus x carnea) in the urban area of Bonn. Secondly, the scale insect growth was determined on sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) at different temperatures in the laboratory.The field population displayed an insignificant linear increase in body length between July and beginning of December. No growth was observed between December and March but between mid of March and beginning of May the body size increased exponentially. By setting up a frequency distribution of the anal plate length and by simultaneous measurement of new and old anal plate during molting it was possible to separate different developmental stages. The length of the anal plates of first instar crawlers/settlers ranged between 0.030 and 0.054 mm, that of the second and third instar nymphs between 0.066 and 0.090 mm and 0.102 to 0.150 mm, respectively. The anal plate length of fourth instar adult females differed between 0.162 and 0.246 mm, whereas those of male puparians ranged between 0.075 and 0.098 mm. Since the cuticula ofP. regalis is very extensible, the separation of different developmental stages was only reliable by using the measure of the strongly sclerosed anal plate. Until 12. August first instar crawlers/settlers and till 29. September second instar nymphs were observed on red horse chestnut in the field. Female third instar nymphs were noticed between 9. September and 28. April and fourth instar adult females from 31. March on.In the laboratoryP. regalis individuals on horse chestnut and sycamore maple did only growth at 18°C and fluctuating temperature of 20/14°C (16/8 h). The growth was heavily affected at warm temperatures of 26°C and scale insects lived only a few weeks. Only at the fluctuating temperature of 20/14°C (16/8 h) some females laid eggs on horse chestnut and sycamore maple from the 49. and 48. week on.

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Untersuchungen über Entwicklungsstadien der Wolligen NapfschildlausPulvinaria regalis Canard (Hom., Coccidae) im Freiland und Labor

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Entwicklungsstadien der Wolligen NapfschildlausPulvinaria regalis Canard im Freiland an einer Rotblütigen Roßkastanie (Aesculus x carnea) im Stadtgebiet von Bonn, sowie das Körperwachstum an Bergahorn (Acer pseudoplatanus) und Roßkastanie (Aesculus hippocastanum) bei unterschiedlichen Temperatubedingungen im Labor untersucht.Die Freilandpopulation zeigte von Juli bis Anfang Dezember eine geringe lineare, von Mitte Dezember bis Anfang März nahezu keine und von Mitte März bis Anfang Mai eine exponentielle Zunahme der durchschnittlichen Körperlänge. Durch das Aufstellen einer Häufigkeitsverteilung der Analplattenlänge sowie durch das gleichzeitige Messen von neuen und noch nicht abgestreiften alten Analplatten während der Häutungsphase konnte ein Maß zur Abgrenzung der Entwicklungsstadien ermittelt werden. Die Analplattenlänge von Crawlern/Settlern (=erstes Larvenstadium) lagen im Bereich von 0,030–0,054 mm, des ersten und zweiten Nymphenstadiums im Bereich von 0,066–0,900 mm und 0,102–0,150 mm. Bei adulten Weibchen lag die Analplattenlänge zwischen 0,162 und 0,246 mm und bei männlichen Präpuppen zwischen 0,075 und 0,098 mm. Da die Cuticula vonP. regalis sehr dehnbar ist, war eine sichere Stadienzuordnung nur mit Hilfe der stark sklerotisierten Analplatte möglich. Bis zum 12. August waren Crawler/Settler und bis zum 29. September Erstnymphen zu beobachten. Weibliche Zweitnymphen traten vom 9. September bis 28. April und adulte Weibchen ab dem 31. März in Erscheinung.Im Labor konnte auf den Versuchspflanzen Roßkastanie und Bergahorn ein Wachstum der Körperlänge vonP. regalis-Individuen bei Konstanttemperatur von 18°C und bei Wechseltemperatur von 20/14°C (16/8 h) gemessen werden. Bei einer Konstanttemperatur von 26°C war das Wachstum auf beiden Wirtspflanzenarten gestört und ein Überleben nur für wenige Wochen möglich. Nur in der Temperaturvariante 20/14°C (16/8 h) legten einige Weibchen ab der 49. Woche auf Roßkastanie und ab der 48. Woche auf Bergahorn Eier ab.

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With 2 tables and 4 figures

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Dedicated to Prof. Dr.W. Schwenke for 75th birthday 22.3.1996.  相似文献   

Observation of Interference Between Two Bose Condensates     

MR Andrews  CG Townsend  H Miesner  DS Durfee  DM Kurn  W Ketterle 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5300):637-641

Interference between two freely expanding Bose-Einstein condensates has been observed. Two condensates separated by approximately 40 micrometers were created by evaporatively cooling sodium atoms in a double-well potential formed by magnetic and optical forces. High-contrast matter-wave interference fringes with a period of approximately 15 micrometers were observed after switching off the potential and letting the condensates expand for 40 milliseconds and overlap. This demonstrates that Bose condensed atoms are "laser-like"; that is, they are coherent and show long-range correlations. These results have direct implications for the atom laser and the Josephson effect for atoms.  相似文献   

Genetic Diversity Based on AIIozyme Alleles of Chinese Cultivated Rice   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

TANG Sheng-xiang WEI Xing-hua JIANG Yun-zhu D S Brar G SKhush 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2007,6(6):641-646

Genetic diversity was analyzed with 6 632 core rice cultivars selected from 60 282 Chinese rice accessions on the basis of 12 allozyme loci, Pgil, Pgi2, Amp1, Amp2, Amp3, Amp4, Sdhl, Adhl, Estl, Est2, Est5 and Est9, by starch gel electrophoresis. Among the materials examined, 52 alleles at 12 polymorphic loci were identified, which occupied 96.3% of 54 alleles found in cultivated germplasm of O. sativa L. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7 with an average of 4.33. The gene diversity （He） each locus varied considerably from 0.017 for Amp4 to 0.583 for Est2 with an average gene diversity （Ht） 0.271, mid Shannon-Wiener index from 0.055 to 0.946 with an average of 0.468. The degree of polymorphism （DP） was in a range from 0.9 to 46.9% with an average of 21.4%. It was found that the genetic diversity in japonica （Keng） subspecies was lower in terms of allele＇s number, Ht and S-W index, being 91.8, 66.2 and 75.7% of indica （Hsien） one, respectively. Significant genetic differentiation between indica and japonica rice has been appeared in the loci Pgil, Amp2, Pgi2, and Est2, with higher average coefficient of genetic differentiation （Gst） 0.635, 0.626, 0.322 and 0.282, respectively. Except less allele number per locus （3.33） for modern cultivars, being 76.9% of landraces, the Ht and S-W index showed in similar between the modem cultivars and the landraces detected. In terms of allozyme, the rice cultivars in the Southwest Plateau and Central China have richer genetic diversity. The present study reveals again that Chinese cultivated rice germplasm has rich genetic diversity, showed by the allozyme allele variation.  相似文献   

Combined effects of zinc and earthworm density on soil ecosystem functioning     

Joost Lahr  Stefan A.E. Kools  Annemariet van der Hout  Jack H. Faber 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(2):334-341

In traditional environmental risk assessment for soils, interactions between biota, contaminants and soil functioning are seldom taken into account. Also, single species toxicity tests are conducted with a fixed number of test animals. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of zinc (0–620 mg Zn kg^?1 dry soil) on soil ecosystem processes at different densities of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Experiments were conducted using 1-liter microcosms equipped with respirometers. The presence of L. rubellus stimulated relevant soil processes and parameters: litter fragmentation, leaf litter mass loss from the soil surface, soil organic matter (SOM) content and soil respiration. Zinc was not lethal to L. rubellus, but negatively impacted soil respiration at the highest concentrations. Litter mass loss from the soil surface was also decreased by zinc and there was a significant interaction with worm density. The results of the study demonstrate that the impact of zinc on soil processes depends on the presence and densities of key soil organisms such as earthworms that influence decomposition and SOM content. The outcome of this research can be used to make existing models for site-specific risk assessment more ecologically relevant, linking effects of contaminants on soil fauna populations with effects on ecosystem functioning.  相似文献   

Degradation of pesticides in nursery recycling pond waters     

Lu J  Wu L  Newman J  Faber B  Gan J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(7):2658-2663

Recycling or collection ponds are often used in outdoor container nursery production to capture and recycle runoff water and fertilizers. Waters in recycling ponds generally have high concentrations of nutrients, pesticides, and dissolved organic matter, as well as elevated salinity and turbidity. Little is known about pesticide degradation behavior in the unique environment of nursery recycling ponds. In this study, degradation of four commonly used pesticides diazinon, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, and pendimethalin in waters from two nursery recycling ponds was investigated at an initial pesticide concentration of 50 microg/L. Results showed that the persistence of diazinon and chlorpyrifos appeared to be prolonged in recycling pond waters as compared to surface streamwaters, possibly due to decreased contribution from biotic transformation, while degradation of chlorothalonil and pendimethalin was enhanced. Activation energies of biotic degradation of all four pesticides were lower than abiotic degradation, indicating that microbial transformation was less affected by temperature than chemical transformation. Overall, the pesticide degradation capacity of recycling ponds was better buffered against temperature changes than that of surface streamwaters.  相似文献