Extraction, processing, and storage effects on curcuminoids and oleoresin yields from Curcuma longa L. grown in Jamaica     

Green CE  Hibbert SL  Bailey-Shaw YA  Williams LA  Mitchell S  Garraway E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(10):3664-3670

Aromatic diarylheptanoid compounds from Curcuma longa Linn grown in Jamaica were quantified by UV-vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses. The oleoresin yields from ethanolic extracts were quantified and evaluated with regard to the effects of the type of postharvesting process and the type of extraction method conducted on the plant material. Fresh samples that were hot solvent extracted provided the highest oleoresin yields of 15.7% +/- 0.4 ( n = 3), and the lowest oleoresin yields of 7.8% +/- 0.2 ( n = 3) were from the dried milled samples that were cold solvent extracted. Data from the ASTA spectrophotometer assay confirmed that dried samples contained the highest curcuminoid content of 55.5% +/- 2.2 ( n = 6) at the fifth month of storage, and the fresh samples showed a curcuminoid content of 47.1% +/- 6.4 ( n = 6) at the third month of storage. A modified HPLC analysis was used to quantify curcumin content. Data from the HPLC analysis confirmed that the dried treated, hot extracted, room temperature stored samples had the highest curcumin content of 24.3%. A novel high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method provided a chemical fingerprint of the C. longa with the use of a commercial curcumin standard.  相似文献   

THE TESTING OF GRASS VARIETIES IN SWARDS WITH CLOVER: THE EFFECT OF GRASS SEED-RATE ON COMPARISONS OF GROSS YIELD     

J. O. Green  A. J. Corrall 《Grass and Forage Science》1965,20(4):207-211

Three experiments were carried out to examine the influence of grass seed-rate upon the amount of clover growing with different varieties of perennial ryegrass. The bred varieties S23 and S24 were compared with Irish ryegrass. A larger quantity of clover grew with Irish ryegrass than with bred varieties at any given seed-rate. If the varieties were to be compared in terms of herbage of similar clover content, then Irish ryegrass sown at 20 lb/ac had to be compared with S23 or S24 sown at about a quarter of that rate. Reducing the seed-rate of the bred varieties from 20 to 5 lb/ac had only a small effect upon yield of ryegrass, and this was offset by an increase in yield of clover. Since weed grasses also took advantage of low grass seed-rate, it is concluded that other factors in the management of variety trials must be so controlled as to produce a satisfactory clover content without too drastic a reduction in the seed-rate of any variety. The relationship between grass seed-rate and yield of clover varied markedly with the availability of moisture.  相似文献   

Row widths and inter-row cultivation of potatoes     

H. C. Green 《Potato Research》1962,5(1):57-67

Summary Investigations were started in 1957 by the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering into possible ways of simplifying the problem of the mechanical harvesting of potatoes by suitable cultivation techniques. “Bed” cultivation was tried in which 2, 3 or 4 rows were grouped together leaving a wide track for tractor and implement wheels. This method of growing potatoes was finally rejected as the yield of crop was adversely affected due to overcrowding in the middle rows of the “beds”. It was found that at least 550 square inches were required by each plant in the “bed”, and at this spacing many of the advantages of “bed” cultivation were lost. Difficulty was also experienced in covering the potatoes and preventing greening. Later work with 36 inch rows showed that the crop was not adversly affected by the wide rows in comparison to the conventional 28 inch row. but in an experiment on a heavy wet soil there was twice the amount of clod in these wide rows, due apparently to the greater total volume of soil and the inaccessibility of much of it to cultivation. Rotary inter-row cultivation using an experimental machine consisting of three pairs of contra-rotating spiders gave a third of the amount of clod as that of a set of lister bottoms (taken to represent mouldboard ridging). Present work is being concentrated on rotary inter-row work using a prototype commercial machine, and indications are that rotary interrow work in potatoes can be very effective in breaking up clods and giving a fine tilth in the ridge.

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Zusammenfassung Im Jahre 1957 wurden vom National Institute of Agricultural Engineering Untersuchungen eingeleitet über die M?glichkeit, das mechanische Ernten von Kartoffeln zu vereinfachen. Da das Ernten im wesentlichen darauf herauskommt, einige leicht verletzbare Knollen aus einem grossen Volumen an feinkornigem Boden, Erdklumpen und Steinen abzutrennen, muss eine Anbaumethode, wodurch entweder die Gesamtmenge des beim Roden zu bew?ltigenden Erdbodens herabgesetzt oder die Anzahl von Klumpen in den D?mmen verringert wird, das maschinelle Ernten auf einem weiteren Bereich von Bodenarten erm?glichen, als bisher. “Beetkultur”, wobei 2, 3 oder 4 Reihen nahe beieinander liegen und für die R?der der Schlepper und Ger?te ein breiter Streifen freigelassen wird (Abb. 1) ergab die inTabelle 1 gezeigten Resultate. Der Gesamtertrag an Kartoffeln aus den “Beeten” war geringer als bei den Kontrollreihen mit 28 Zoll Abstand, ausgenommen dort, wo die Pflanzendichte bedeutend h?her war (Behandlungen Nr 4 und 9). Eine weitere Analyse der Ergebnisse nach Knollengr?sse und Reihenzahl in den “Beeten”, wofürTabelle 2 typische Beispiele gibt, l?sst erkennen, dass die Kartoffeln in den mittleren Reihen der Becte nicht von den freien Fl?chen zwischen den Beeten Gebrauch machen konnten, zu dicht standen, und der Ertrag, namentlich an gr?sseren Knollen, geschm?lert wurde. Weitere Versuche im folgenden Jahr zeigten, dass selbst bei einem Reihenabstand von 22 Zoll in einem “Beet” von 72 Zoll die mittlere Reihe noch immer einen Minderertrag ergab (Tabelle 3). Reihen von 36 Zoll schienen jedoch keinen Nachteil zu erbringen. Untersuchungen über im Jahre 1959 über den Raumbedarf von Kartoffeln bei flachem Anbau in Quadraten zeigten, dass die Knollenanzahl (aller Gr?ssen) für jede Pflanze mit der Pflanzweite zunahm und dass mindestens 550 Quadratzoll je Pflanze für optimalen Ertrag erforderlich sind (Abb. 2). Aus diesen Ergebnissen liess sich schliessen, dass die Beetkultur keine befriedigende Methode für den Kartoffelbau ist. Eine weitere Schwierigkeit war das Zudecken der Kartoffeln und die Verhütung des Grünwerdens der Knollen. Ferner ergab sich, dass die Menge des zum Ernten zu hebenden Bodens wahrscheinlich eher gr?sser als geringer sein würde als bei der üblichen Reihenkultur. Weitere Untersuchungen waren daher auf einen Vergleich von 28- und 36-Zoll-Reihen und Zwischenreihenbearbeitung gerichtet. Zu diesem Zwecke wurde ein Satz Streichblecher und ein experimenteller Fr?senh?ufler (Abb. 3) verwendet. Die Ergebnisse (Tabelle 4) zeigten keine wesentliche Differenz in den Ertr?gen bei den Hauptbehandlungen; jedoch fanden sich dreimal soviel Klumpen in den mit dem Streichblech behandelten Reihen als in denen, welche mit dem Fr?senh?ufler bearbeitet worden waren (Tabelle 5). Dies wurde der st?rker zerkrümelnden Wirkung der Fr?sen gegenüber dem Streichblech zugeschrieben. In den weiten Reihen fanden sich zweimal soviel Klumpen wie in den engen, was sowohl dem gr?sseren Gesamtvolumen an Erde als der teilweisen Unzug?nglichkeit des Bodens im Falle der weiten Reihen zuzuschreiben sein dürfte. Im Jahre 1961 waren die Arbeiten haupts?chlich auf die Bodenbearbeitung bei 28-Zoll-Reihen mit der Fr?senh?ufler gerichtet, wobei ein Prototyp einer für kommerzielle Herstellung vorgesehenen Maschine benutzt wurde. Obwohl die Ergebnisse noch nicht vorliegen, besteht der Eindruck, dass die Fr?sbearbeitung sehr wirksam ist zur Zerkleinerung von Erdklumpen, selbst in den schwersten B?den.

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Résumé En 1957, le National Institute of Agricultural Engineering (Institut National de Technologie Agricole) entreprit des recherches visant à simplifier le problème de la récolte mécanique des pommes de terre. La récolte consistant en principe à séparer un petit nombre de tubercules. qui s’endommagent aisément, d’un volume important de sol fin, de mottes et de pierres, toute technique de culture capable de réduire la quantité totale de sol ramassé pour récolter les tubercules ou de réduire la grosseur et le nombre des mottes dans 1e rang doit permettre de pratiquer la récolte mécanique dans une plus grande gamme de sols que jusqu’ici. La culture en “planches” groupant 2, 3 ou 4 rangs et séparées d’un large espace pour le passage des roues de tracteurs et d’outils (Fig. 1) a donné les résultats que montre leTableau 1. Le rendement total en pommes de terre dans les “planches” était inférieur à celui des rangs ordinaires espacés de 28 pouces (culture témoin). excepté si le nombre de plantes était considérablement supérieur (traitements 4 et 9). Un classement plus poussé des résultats selon la grosseur des tubercules et le nombre de rangs par “planche”, dont leTableau 2 montre des exemples caractéristiques, fait voir que les plantes situées dans les rangs intérieurs des planches et ne pouvant pas utiliser les espaces non cultivés entre les planches étaient dépassées par celles des autres rangs et que leur production, de gros tubercules surtout, était inférieure. D’autres essais effectués l’année suivante ont démontré que même en rangs espacés de 22 pouces dans une planche de 72 pouces, le rendement du rang intérieur était encore réduit (Tableau 3), mais que ce rendement n’était en aucun cas inférieur si l’espacement était de 36 pouces. L’étude effectuée en 1959 concernant le besoin d’espace des pommes de terre plantées à plat en carrés a appris que le nombre de tubercules (de toutes grosseurs) par plante augmentait suivant l’espace disponible et qu’il faut au moins 550 pouces carrés par plante pour obtenir un rendement optimal en pommes de terre de consommation (Fig. 2). La conclusion de ces résultats fut que la culture en “planches” n’était pas une méthode satisfaisante de culture des pommes de terre. Il était en outre difficile de couvrir les pommes de terre et d’éviter le verdissement et l’on était d’avis que la quantité de sol à déplacer pour obtenir la récolte serait plut?t plus grande que plus petite qu’en cas de culture en rangs classique. C’est pourquoi il fut entrepris d’autres essais pour comparer la culture en rangs espacés de 28 et de 36 pouces et les fa?ons entre les rangs. A cette fin, on utilisa des ravales et une butteuse rotative expérimentale (Fig. 3). Les résultats indiqués auTableau 4 ne montrent aucune différence significative de rendement suivant les traitements principaux, mais il y avait trois fois autant de mottes dans les rangs traités avec les ravales que dans deux où l’on avait employé la butteuse rotative (Tableau 5). Ce fait est attribué à une meilleure pulvérisation du sol par l’instrument rotatif que par les ravales. Les rangs larges présentaient deux fois autant de mottes que les rangs serrés, ce qui est probablement la conséquence du plus grand volume de sol et de l’inaccessibilité d’une part importante de ce sol aux fa?ons dans le cas des rangs larges. En 1961, l’étude a été concentrée sur le traitement rotatif entre les rangs, avec un espacement de 28 pouces, en utilisant un prototype de machine commerciale. Bien que nous n’ayons pas encore de résultats définitifs. l’impression re?ue dans ces travaux est que le traitement rotatif pulvérise très efficacement les mottes, mêmc dans les sols les plus lourds.

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An Oxidative Metabolite of Desoxycorticosterone     

Picha GM  Saunders FJ  Green DM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1952,115(3000):704-705

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Recognition of sedimentary characteristics in soils by size-shape analysis     

Patricia Green 《Geoderma》1974,11(3):181-193

Size-shape analysis has been applied to two soils of alluvial origin and to an in-situ soil over granite. Elongation function curves for the granitic soil show that its quartz grains become increasingly equant with increasing size. The coarser particles of the alluvial soils, by contrast, become less equant and more elongated with increasing grain size — a characteristic of the framework population of bed-load sediments.The method appears promising for helping to distinguish transported from in-situ parent materials.  相似文献   

The Use of a GUS Transformant of Trichoderma Harzianum, Strain T3a, to Study Metabolic Activity in the Spermosphere and Rhizosphere Related to Biocontrol of Pythium Damping-off And Root Rot     

Helge Green  Nina Heiberg  Kirsten Lejbølle  Dan Funck Jensen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(3):349-359

The activity of Trichoderma harzianum in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of different plant species was studied by use of a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) transformant (strain T3a). Hereby, direct observation of micro-habitats supporting metabolic activity of T. harzianum is reported. Germination of conidia and mycelial growth were not supported by exudates from healthy roots of various ages. Instead, growth and activity of T. harzianum depended on access to dead organic substrates such as seed coats, decaying roots, and wounds, including those caused by infecting pathogens. A correlation between the GUS activity of T. harzianum and the biomass of Pythium ultimum in infected roots was established. On the basis of our observations, we suggest that the biocontrol ability of T. harzianum involves competition with the pathogen for substrates including the seed coat, and wounded or infected root tissue.  相似文献   

Prevalence of lice on dairy cattle in England and the bordering counties of Wales     

Milnes AS  Green LE 《The Veterinary record》1999,145(13):357-362

A postal questionnaire was used to collect information on the prevalence of lice on cattle on a random sample of dairy farms in England and the bordering counties of Wales. Replies were received from 1040 (52.8 per cent) of the 1970 farms which were mailed. Fifty per cent of farmers reported having ever seen or suspected lice in their herds and 29 per cent reported possible infestations in the winter of 1996/97. Visits were made to 24 farms in the south west of England during February 1998. Twelve of the farmers said that they had seen or suspected lice in their herd since October 1997, and that lice were more frequently observed on the adult cattle. However, examination revealed lice on 18 of the 24 farms, and adult cattle were the least likely group to be infested.  相似文献   

Attaching and effacing lesions in the large intestine of an eight-month-old heifer associated with Escherichia coli O26 infection in a group of animals with dysentery     

Pearson GR  Bazeley KJ  Jones JR  Gunning RF  Green MJ  Cookson A  Woodward MJ 《The Veterinary record》1999,145(13):370-373

Escherichia coli O26:K60, with genetic attributes consistent with a potentially human enterohaemorrhagic E. coli was isolated from the faeces of an eight-month-old heifer with dysentery. Attaching and effacing lesions were identified in the colon of a similarly affected heifer examined postmortem, and shown to be associated with E. coli O26 by specific immunolabelling.  相似文献   

Evaluation of use of progesterone to counteract zearalenone toxicosis during early pregnancy in gilts.     

M L Green  D K Stouffer  A B Scheidt  G G Long  M A Diekman 《American journal of veterinary research》1991,52(11):1871-1874

It has been shown that zearalenone disrupts early pregnancy in swine without altering intrauterine content of estradiol 17 beta or progesterone, embryo migration, or estradiol-17 beta synthesis by blastocysts. However, serum concentrations of progesterone were reduced 2 to 3 weeks after mating in gilts that ingested zearalenone. Therefore, progesterone was administered to gilts during early pregnancy to determine whether it could counteract the detrimental actions of zearalenone on embryonic development. Thirty-two crossbred gilts (Hampshire x Chester White x Yorkshire x Duroc) were assigned randomly to a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: zearalenone (Z); zearalenone plus progesterone (ZP); progesterone (P); or control (C). From postmating days 4 to 15, Z- and ZP-treated gilts were fed 1 mg of Z/kg of body weight, and P-treated and C gilts were fed ethanol as vehicle in a corn-soybean diet. On postmating days 3 to 15, P- and ZP-treated gilts were injected IM with 100 mg of progesterone, and C and Z-treated gilts were injected with progesterone carrier (15% ethanol, 15% benzyl alcohol, 70% propylene glycol). Blood was collected from gilts by puncture of the jugular vein daily from days 3 to 15, on alternate days from days 17 to 31, and then twice weekly until the end of the experiment. Fetal development was assessed in Z- and ZP-treated gilts on postmating day 47.6 +/- 2.9 by cesarean section and in P-treated and C gilts at slaughter on postmating days 51.2 +/- 3.2. Serum concentrations of progesterone in P-treated gilts were greater on days 7 to 8, 10 to 15, 17, and 19 than in C gilts. Serum concentrations of progesterone were greater on days 8, 10, and 12 in ZP-treated than in C gilts. However, serum concentrations of progesterone were lower in ZP-treated gilts than in C gilts on postmating days 19 to 31.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

A study of growth rate in thoroughbred foals   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D A Green 《The British veterinary journal》1969,125(10):539-546

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