Climate Change Impacts Due to Biogenic Carbon: Addressing the Issue of Attribution Using Two Metrics With Very Different Outcomes     

Geoffrey Guest  Anders Hammer Strømman 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3):298-326

Although not without its critics, considerable recognition has been given to the climate cooling benefits provided by storing carbon from biomass in various storage pools. However, it has recently been found that depending on the storage pool/period and source of biomass, the associated climate impacts may be a burden or a benefit. It is important that carbon accounting schemes and life cycle assessment practitioners take these carbon/CO₂ flux dynamics and the climate impacts that they create into consideration. In this work we illustrate these climate impacts with a Norwegian case study using a material flow analysis of the biogenic carbon in harvested wood products derived from a 2006 harvest year. We illustrate the dynamic carbon balance over time and show how the climate impacts can diverge greatly between two well-known climate impact metrics: global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature potential (GTP). We also show how these climate impacts can be attributed to contributing parties with an example of a glue laminated beam value chain which is stored in a long-lived building. We discuss the associated attribution issues that will inevitably arise and we offer recommendations on how best to minimize them.  相似文献   

Characterizing the metabolic fingerprint and anti-inflammatory activity of Hypericum gentianoides     

Hillwig ML  Hammer KD  Birt DF  Wurtele ES 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(12):4359-4366

In this paper we characterize the metabolic fingerprint and first reported anti-inflammatory activity of Hypericum gentianoides. H. gentianoides has a history of medical use by Native Americans, but it has been studied very little for biological activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analyses of a methanol extract show that H. gentianoides contains a family of over nine related compounds that have retention times, mass spectra, and a distinctive UV absorption spectra characteristic of certain acyl-phloroglucinols. These metabolites are abundant relative to other secondary products present in H. gentianoides, accounting for approximately 0.2 g per gram of dry plant tissue. H. gentianoides methanol extracts and a specific semipreparative HPLC fraction from these extracts containing the putative acyl-phloroglucinols reduce prostaglandin E 2 synthesis in mammalian macrophages.  相似文献   

High-throughput immunophenotyping of 43 ferret lymphomas using tissue microarray technology     

Hammer AS  Williams B  Dietz HH  Hamilton-Dutoit SJ 《Veterinary pathology》2007,44(2):196-203

To validate the use of the tissue microarray (TMA) method for immunophenotyping of ferret lymphomas, a TMA was constructed containing duplicate 1-mm cores sampled from 112 paraffin-embedded lymphoma tissue specimens obtained from 43 ferret lymphoma cases. Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of CD3, CD79alpha, and Ki-67 (MIB-1) was determined by TMA and whole mount (WM) staining of each individual case for result comparison. There was a high correlation between CD79alpha and CD3 results comparing ferret TMA and WM sections (kappa statistic 0.71-0.73 for single-core TMA and 0.79-0.95 for duplicate-core TMA) and between continuous data from Ki-67 staining of ferret TMA sections and WM sections (concordance correlation coefficients 0.77 for single cores and 0.87 for duplicate cores). Subsequently, a panel of commercially available antibodies was applied to the TMA for the analysis of expression in ferret lymphomas. The results of this study confirmed previously published results suggesting specific cross-reactivity of the applied IHC markers (CD3, CD79alpha, Ki67) with ferret lymphoma tissue. Other IHC markers (CD45Ro, bcl2, bcl10, MUM1, CD30, vimentin) were also expressed in subsets of the included ferret lymphomas. Further studies are necessary to determine the usefulness of these markers for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of ferret lymphomas. In conclusion, the TMA technology was useful for rapid and accurate analysis of protein expression in large archival cohorts of ferret lymphoma cases.  相似文献   

Are the duplicates of perennial kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. ramosa DC.) true duplicates as determined by RAPD analysis?     

A.C. Zeven  K.J. Dehmer  T. Gladis  K. Hammer  H. Lux 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1998,45(2):105-111

A collection of vegetatively propagated perennial kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. ramosa DC., 64 accessions in total), predominantly from the Netherlands, was subjected to RAPD analysis in order to confirm or reject the presence of possible duplicates as indicated by isozyme and cytological data, as well as by morphological data described here. By employing 9 decamer primers, seven RAPD patterns could be attributed to almost all of the respective accessions, with up to 22 clones exhibiting identical features for the parameters examined. By these results, a high percentage of duplication is very strongly indicated in the collection, offering possibilities for a reduction in the number of clones to be propagated. The highest level of genetic variation was found in two kales from Portugal, which differed significantly from the other accessions.  相似文献   

Which zoonosis is it?]     

P Teufel  P Hammer 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1999,106(8):311-318

Starting from the definition for zoonoses according to EU directive 92/117 EEC a brief and mainly tabulated summary is given on the occurrence of zoonoses worldwide and in Germany and related factors.  相似文献   

Parasitic angiosperms as cultivated plants?     

Domenico Pignone  Karl Hammer 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2016,63(7):1273-1284

  相似文献   

On the trail of the last autochthonous Italian einkorn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum monococcum</Emphasis> L.) and emmer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum dicoccon</Emphasis> Schrank) populations: a mission impossible?     

Gaetano Laghetti  Girolamo Fiorentino  Karl Hammer  Domenico Pignone 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(8):1163-1170

In 1970s it was thought that two species of ‘farro’, namely emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) and einkorn (T. monococcum L.), were no longer present in Italy, but in 1981, some populations were discovered in a mountain area of the Appennino Sannita (central southern Italy). In 2006/2007 three monitoring missions were carried out to check the current situation of these ancient hulled wheats, specifically in the same areas where they were formerly collected. The same zones were also investigated by both paleo-ethnobotany and agrobiodiversity points of view. The results of this research have shown that nowadays einkorn is completely extinct while emmer is still cultivated in very few traditional farms, mainly as a fodder crop. A strong genetic erosion was detected also for emmer and several nowadays samples were contaminated by seeds of modern spelt (T. spelta L.) varieties. In the present study the causes of this genetic erosion and which safeguarding actions to be undertaken are discussed.  相似文献   

Effects of maternal selenium supply and plane of nutrition during gestation on passive transfer of immunity and health in neonatal lambs     

Hammer CJ  Thorson JF  Meyer AM  Redmer DA  Luther JS  Neville TL  Reed JJ  Reynolds LP  Caton JS  Vonnahme KA 《Journal of animal science》2011,89(11):3690-3698

To investigate the influence of maternal Se supply and plane of nutrition on lamb morbidity, mortality, and passive transfer of IgG, pregnant ewe lambs were used in 2 experiments with 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangements. Supplementation of Se began at breeding and was either adequate Se (ASe, 9.5 μg/kg of BW) or high Se (HSe, 81.8 μg/kg of BW) in Exp. 1 or ASe (11.5 μg/kg of BW) or HSe (77.0 μg/kg of BW) in Exp. 2. On d 50 or 40 of gestation for Exp. 1 or 2, respectively, ewes were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 nutritional planes: 60% (RES), 100% (control, CON), or 140% (HI) of NRC requirements. This resulted in the following treatments: ASe-RES, ASe-CON, ASe-HI, HSe-RES, HSe-CON, and HSe-HI. Upon parturition, lambs were separated from their dams and serum samples obtained. Lambs were fed artificial colostrum for the first 20 h and then placed on milk replacer and grain pellets until completion of the study (Exp. 1, 57 d; Exp. 2, 21 d). Twenty-four hours after parturition, lamb serum samples were collected for IgG analysis. All lambs were reared similarly and morbidity and mortality assessed. Main effects were considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. In Exp. 1, there was a Se × plane of nutrition interaction (P ≤ 0.01) for lamb morbidity from birth to weaning and for 24-h IgG concentration. Lambs from ASe-RES and HSe-HI ewes were treated more frequently (P < 0.01) for respiratory and gastrointestinal disease, and lambs from HSe-HI ewes had the smallest (P < 0.01) 24-h serum IgG concentration. In Exp. 1, lambs from HI ewes also had the greatest (P < 0.01) mortality rates from birth to weaning compared with lambs from CON and RES ewes. In Exp. 2, there was an effect (P < 0.01) of maternal plane of nutrition with lambs from RES ewes having increased 24-h IgG compared with lambs from CON and HI ewes. There was no effect of maternal Se supplementation on lamb 24-h IgG in Exp. 2; however, there was a Se × plane of nutrition interaction (P < 0.01) for morbidity. From birth to 21 d of age, lambs from ASe-CON ewes had fewer (P < 0.01) treatment days compared with lambs from any of the other treatment groups. There also tended (P = 0.08) to be an effect of maternal Se supplementation on lamb mortality with increased mortality observed in lambs from HSe ewes. Results from the studies show a restricted maternal plane of nutrition can increase lamb serum IgG concentration. Selenium results were not consistent between the 2 experiments and may be due to differences in maternal Se.  相似文献   

Effects of different organic materials and mineral nutrients on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth in a Mediterranean saline dryland     

Edith C. Hammer  Hafedh Nasr 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(11):2332-2337

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that enhance plant growth and improve soil fertility and soil structure in drylands. Even though AM fungi are obligate biotrophs, organic matter (OM) can stimulate their growth, but the mechanisms behind this are still unknown. Here, we compared the effect of nutrient patches of different OM sources to intrinsic components of OM such as inorganic nutrient supply and an improved soil water-holding capacity (WHC; via application of hydrophilic polymers), on AM fungal growth. Fatty acids extracted from in-growth mesh bags incubated in the field were used as biomarkers for AM fungi and other soil microbes. We found an enhancement of AM fungal growth in certain nutrient patches. Two out of three OM types stimulated AM fungal growth strongly, and also the addition of inorganic nutrients enhanced AM fungi, though to a lesser extent than OM. Enhanced soil WHC, on the other hand, did not influence AM fungal growth. AMF were more strongly enhanced by the mineral nutrients relative to other soil organisms. Intrinsic nutrients might be an important factor for AMF growth stimulation in OM additions, but there was no evidence that nutrients alone can explain this phenomenon.  相似文献   

Nutrient uptake in vegetative poinsettias grown with two fertilizer concentrations and two pinching dates 1     

Brian E. Whipker  P. Allen Hammer 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(3):545-559

The effects of varying fertilizer application rates [100–15–100 or 300–46–300 mg L^‐1 of nitrogen (N)‐phosphorus (P)‐potassium (K)] and pinching dates on nutrient uptake patterns of poinsettias were studied. During the first seven weeks after potting, varying the N‐P‐K fertilization rate from 100–15–100 to 300–46–300 mg L^‐1 N‐P‐K had no effect on plant height, dry weight, nutrient concentration, or nutrient content of poinsettias. The uptake ratios for NO₃‐N, K, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) all were <40% of the amount that was available at the 100 mg L"¹ N and K fertilization rate, indicating that poinsettias require lower levels of NO₃‐N, K, Ca, and Mg than what was available from the 100–15–100 mg L"¹ N‐P‐K fertilization rate. The higher uptake ratios of >60% and >70%, respectively, for NH₄‐N and P at the 100 mg L"¹ N and K fertilization rate indicated the plants utilized a higher percentage of the available NH₄‐N and P, indicating that an application rate >18 mg L^‐1 NH₄‐N and >15 mg L^‐1 P would be required by poinsettias from the week before the plants were pinched through three weeks after pinching. The 300–46–300 mg L^‐1 N‐P‐K fertilization rate provided excessive nutrients that were not utilized by the plants during the early stages of plant growth.  相似文献