固原市玫瑰苑小区低影响开发措施改造对降雨径流的调控效益     

贾斌凯  李怀恩  黄绵松  孙文靖  党菲  付德宇 《水土保持通报》2020,40(1):130-135,141

[目的]计算住宅小区海绵改造后对降雨径流的调控效益,旨在为海绵城市建设提供技术参考。[方法]结合宁夏回族自治区固原市某住宅小区各低影响开发(low impact development, LID)设施的布设情况,计算不同设计降雨量下LID设施对降雨径流的截蓄量与各LID设施截蓄容积的利用率;再结合固原市2004—2014年的降雨资料,计算出该小区年均降雨径流总截蓄量与各LID措施对降雨径流的截蓄量。基于计算出的小区LID设施对降雨径流的截蓄数据,结合资源环境经济学原理,计算小区降雨径流年调控效益、单方降雨径流调控效益与各LID措施年均降雨径流调控效益。[结果]小区海绵改建后,年均降雨径流调蓄量增加11 568 m~3,产生的效益为111 302元/a,单方降雨径流调控效益为9.62元/m~3;各LID设施年均效益分别为:雨水花园45 273元/a,下沉式绿地27 103元/a,雨水桶6 654元/a,雨水池32 272元/a。[结论]住宅小区海绵改建能够有效控制小区降雨径流的外排量,提高小区年径流总量控制率,具有明显的经济、环境和社会效益。  相似文献   

蔬菜穴盘苗弧形展开式自动取投苗装置设计与试验     

韩长杰  周亭  尤佳  徐阳  毛罕平  梁佳 《农业工程学报》2023,39(8):54-64

针对穴盘苗取投苗装置机械结构较复杂、取投苗易失败等问题,该研究设计了一种蔬菜穴盘苗弧形展开式自动取投苗装置。通过对取投苗作业过程进行分析,提出整排取苗、弧形展开投苗的自动取投苗作业方式,对夹苗组件、导向槽、旋转接苗机构等进行设计,并确定各部件关键参数,搭建PLC自动控制系统,设计执行单元的气动回路方案,并提出匹配延时函数。以辣椒穴盘苗为试验对象,以平均取投苗频率、供气压力、基质平均含水率为试验因素,以取投苗成功率、损伤率为试验指标进行正交试验,并以较优参数组合进行重复验证试验。试验结果表明：平均取投苗频率为90株/min、供气压力为0.4 MPa、基质平均含水率为30%时,取投苗成功率为94.05%,损伤率为1.19%,该研究可为自动取投苗装置的研发提供参考。  相似文献   

冻融循环对黑土容重和孔隙度影响的试验研究   总被引：14，自引：4，他引：14  

刘佳  范昊明  周丽丽  武敏  柴宇  刘艳华 《水土保持学报》2009,23(6)

反复的冻融循环会通过改变土壤容重、孔隙度等物理性质而使其侵蚀加剧,该文探讨了土壤容重及孔隙度在冻融循环作用下的变化.试从机理上分析冻融作用对土壤抗蚀性的影响规律.以东北黑土为研究对象,考虑冻融温差和土壤含水率两个影响因素.通过室内冻融试验研究了黑土容重及孔隙度的变化规律.结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增大,土壤的容重和孔隙度分别呈现缓慢减小及增大趋势,且变化幅度越来越小,最后达到基本稳定的状态;冻融温差越大,冻结温度越低,同一含水率土壤的容重变得更低,而孔隙度相对较高,并且两者的变化量最大;在同一冻融温差下,高含水率土壤经过冻融循环后较低含水率土壤容重更低,而孔隙度更高,且数值的变化量最大.  相似文献   

造纸废水灌溉对芦苇不同生育期土壤中硝态氮含量的影响     

卢佳  王铁良  陈佳琦  李春云  苏芳莉 《水土保持学报》2012,26(5):113-117

在沈阳农业大学综合试验场内构建小试装置模拟盘锦双台河口天然湿地,用50,175,300mg/L浓度的造纸废水进行灌溉,研究造纸废水灌溉对土壤硝态氮含量的影响,为盐碱化湿地修复提供可参考的废水灌溉方式。结果表明,在3种浓度造纸废水灌溉下,0-40cm土壤剖面硝态氮含量随深度增加呈"S"形变化趋势,造纸废水与清水相比能增加土壤硝态氮含量。经双因素方差分析和多重比较,在发芽期灌溉浓度为50mg/L废水时土壤硝态氮与初始值相比增加最大。在发芽期灌溉废水大大增加了收获芦苇后土壤中的硝态氮含量,宜使用50mg/L浓度废水灌溉。  相似文献   

添加木质素降解菌对堆肥中酶活性的影响     

张晓倩  许修宏  王晶  刘佳 《农业环境保护》2012,(4):843-847

以奶牛粪便和稻草为堆腐材料,采用静态好氧堆肥的方式研究接种木质素降解菌对堆肥过程中的温度、pH等理化性质以及木质素降解酶活性动态变化的特征,从生物酶学角度考察人工接入外源菌剂对堆肥的影响。结果表明,接菌后的堆肥处理较CK早2 d进入高温期,并且维持时间多于CK 12 d。发酵前8 d pH值的上升幅度大且高于CK,而且接种处理比对照的C/N提前5 d达到20∶1,提早达到腐熟指标,加快堆肥腐熟化进程。堆肥中酶活分析结果表明,加入菌剂后,β-葡萄糖苷水解酶在堆置第6 d达到第一个峰值14.7μmol,较CK早6 d;羧甲基纤维素钠酶在第12 d达到峰值3 270 U,同比CK高出1 220 U;漆酶酶活峰值高达93.5U,而CK峰值只有82.8 U;锰过氧化物酶进入高温期后酶活最高为75.25 U,CK最高为54.8 U。由此可见,加入微生物菌剂后可使相关酶活性提高并提高堆体温度,加快堆肥腐熟,加速堆料中各种有机质的降解,提高微生物对底物的利用,从而提高好氧堆肥的效率。  相似文献   

碾后白米形变消除规律试验     

兰海鹏  贾富国  赵宏伟  王吉泰  张强  付倩 《农业工程学报》2011,27(8):383-386

为解决碾后白米抛光时碎米多的问题,该研究以碾后的白米为原料,研究温度、相对湿度以及含水率对白米形变消除时间的影响规律,采用二次旋转组合试验方法设计试验,比较了白米形变消除后抛光与碾后直接抛光的整精米率。用EXCEL软件和SAS软件处理数据,建立相关数学方程。结果表明：在试验参数范围内（温度5～45℃,含水率13%～17%,相对湿度25%～85%）,碾后白米的形变经过46～69?min可以消除;含水率、环境温度和相对湿度对形变消除时间影响显著;白米消除形变后抛光的整精米率明显高于直接抛光的整精米率。所建数学模型对碾后白米形变消除具有指导作用。  相似文献   

湘西花垣矿区蔬菜重金属污染现状及健康风险评价     

杨胜香  易浪波  刘佳  王辉  索悠扬 《农业环境保护》2012,(1):17-23

对湘西花垣锰矿、铅锌矿区的部分蔬菜及其种植土壤进行了调查和重金属含量分析,通过污染指数法和经蔬菜途径重金属暴露接触对人体的健康风险进行了系统评价。结果表明,与非矿区比较,两矿区蔬菜、土壤Pb、Zn和Cd含量较高,矿区土壤Pb、Zn、Cd含量均超过GB15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准（pH〈6.5）的污染警戒值;矿区蔬菜Pb、Zn和Cd含量均超过国家蔬菜重金属元素限量标准,分别为限量标准的2.0～10.75、0.9～2.5倍和2.2～19.8倍;两矿区蔬菜受到了Pb、Cd的严重污染,Zn的轻-中度污染。重金属暴露接触对人体的风险评估结果表明,两矿区居民通过蔬菜途径摄入的Pb和Cd对其健康存在较大的潜在风险,且对儿童的健康风险高于成年人。因此,矿区土壤上种植蔬菜会对食用这些蔬菜的当地居民产生一定的健康风险,应采取合适的治理措施进行矿区污染土壤的修复。  相似文献   

Comparative study of the effects of solid-state fermentation with three filamentous fungi on the total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of subfractions from oats (Avena sativa L.)     

Cai S  Wang O  Wu W  Zhu S  Zhou F  Ji B  Gao F  Zhang D  Liu J  Cheng Q 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(1):507-513

The aim of present work was to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation with filamentous fungi (Aspergillus oryzae var. effuses, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus niger) on total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of four subfractions of oat, namely, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, and water, and compare them to their corresponding subfractions of unfermented oat. The TPC and total flavonoids increased dramatically, especially in EA subfractions (p < 0.05). The levels of antioxidant activity of subfractions were also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant activities were also found in the EA subfractions. The polyphenols in EA were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography at 280 nm. Most polyphenols were increased remarkably, especially ferulic and caffeic acids. There was a clear correlation between the TPC and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, fungi fermentation is a potential bioprocess for increasing the TPC, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of oat-based food.  相似文献   

Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges     

Jia X. Xiao  Xiang Yan  Shu A. Peng  Yi W. Fang 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(5):671-690

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’  相似文献   

过量空气系数与废气再循环率耦合对汽油机性能的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

马志豪  康宁  高定伟  徐斌  吴健  贾宁  宋东先 《农业工程学报》2014,30(1):34-39

为了提高汽油机部分负荷下的燃油经济性,该文通过改变废气再循环率(EGR,exhaust gas recirculation)和过量空气系数,在一台增压进气道喷射汽油机上进行试验,研究了过量空气系数与EGR耦合对发动机部分负荷下燃油经济性和排放的影响。结果表明:随着EGR率和过量空气系数α的增加,燃烧循环变动率变大,燃烧持续期变长,且EGR是影响两者的主要因素;泵气损失显著减少,有效燃油消耗率显著降低,与EGR率=0和过量空气系数α=1条件下相比,EGR率=20%和过量空气系数α=1.1条件下的有效燃油消耗率降低了8.37%;随着EGR率的增加,THC(total hydrocarbon)排放增加,但NOx排放显著降低,高达约80%。因此,将三效催化转化器和EGR技术相结合,燃烧稀混合气,可以在满足欧Ⅴ排放法规的同时,大幅提高汽油机部分负荷下的燃油经济性。  相似文献