Design of field trials for the evaluation of antibacterial products for therapy of bovine clinical mastitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Y.H. SCHUKKEN  H.A. DELUYKER 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1995,18(4):274-283

In this paper, the design and statistical analysis of field trials for the evaluation of the efficacy of clinical mastitis therapeutics is covered. First, general issues underlying the design of clinical trials are reviewed. These include bias and confounding; randomization and blocking; and study objectives and choice of the corresponding hypothesis. Specific issues in the design of clinical mastitis trials are also discussed. Selection of subjects is discussed with regard to choice of experimental units, identification of reference population and study population, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and sample size calculation. Next, a section on treatment administration and evaluation of cure reviews treatment, blinding, choice of response measure, as well as compliance, withdrawal, and early termination. The statistical analysis section addresses possible statistical models, treatment of confounding, and fixed vs. random effects. In conclusion, well-conducted clinical mastitis trials represent an invaluable, albeit difficult and expensive, effort to evaluate efficacy and tolerance under usual circumstances of use.  相似文献   

Isolation of H3N2 swine influenza virus in South Korea.     

Dae S Song  Jae Y Lee  Jin S Oh  Kwang S Lyoo  Kyung J Yoon  Yong H Park  Bong K Park 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2003,15(1):30-34

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Distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in calves inoculated orally with ruminal Bacteroides succinogenes and Selenomonas ruminantium     

S Sato  K Ogimoto  Y Nakai 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1990,52(4):719-725

Distribution of immunoglobulin(Ig)-containing cells was investigated in calves inoculated orally with live organisms of both Bacteroides succinogenes and Selenomonas ruminantium. Pathological changes and many Ig-containing cells were observed in calves which inoculated three times at 2, 3 and 26 days of age. Follicular germinal center was increased in number and size of the lymph nodes associated with the forestomach, suggesting activation of lymph apparatus. In the associated lymph nodes, IgG-containing cells were predominant and were located in both cortex and medulla, mainly in the medullary cord, B lymphocyte areas. Only a few IgA- and IgM-containing cells were observed in the lymph nodes. Accordingly, the inoculated bacteria may stimulate IgG-containing B lymphocyte populations. A few IgG-containing cells were detected in the mucosa of the forestomach. Ig-containing cells, predominantly IgG, were observed in the mucosa of the abomasum and intestine, and in the mesenteric lymph nodes. However, number of the cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes was smaller than that of the forestomach associated lymph nodes. The results suggest that the intraorally inoculated bacteria may stimulate the maturation of IgG positive lymphocytes in the lymph nodes associated with the forestomach.  相似文献   

Modification of DNA by chloroethylnitrosoureas     

Y Akaike 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1990,52(2):443-445

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Induction of alimentary diabetes and insulin responses to glucose in Microtus arvalis Pallas     

T Arai  M Sasaki  Y Oki  K Komeda 《Nippon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science》1985,47(4):603-610

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Pathological changes of tracheal mucosa in chickens infected with infectious laryngotracheitis virus   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S Hayashi  Y Odagiri  T Kotani  T Horiuchi 《Avian diseases》1985,29(4):943-950

Six-week-old chickens were inoculated via the posterior thoracic air sac with infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Chickens were sacrificed on various days through day 16 postinoculation (PI), and the trachea was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The pathological changes observed on day 1 PI were hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells. From day 3 PI, the epithelial cells protruded collectively and fused to form syncytia, which contained many intranuclear inclusion bodies. Subsequently, epithelial syncytia desquamated, one after another, and connective tissues were exposed in places. Serofibrinous exudate and detritus were abundant on the surface of the exposed connective tissues and seemed to form a pseudomembrane. On day 5 PI, the remaining epithelial cells began to repair the devastated mucosa just under the pseudomembrane. On day 6 PI, microvillus-rich regenerating epithelial cells were arranged like paving stones. On day 8 PI, the epithelial cells proliferated extensively and formed folds with cyst-like structures. By day 16 PI, the tracheal epithelium was covered with cilia and regained its normal histologic appearance.  相似文献   

Ecosystem health as a clinical rotation for senior students in Canadian veterinary schools.   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

C Ribble  B Hunter  N Larivire  D Blanger  G Wobeser  P Y Daoust  T Leighton  D Waltner-Toews  J Davidson  E Spangler    O Nielsen 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1997,38(8):485-490

We describe 4 years of an experimental rotation in ecosystem health offered to senior veterinary students in Canada. Faculty from the 4 Canadian veterinary colleges collaborated in offering the rotation once annually at 1 of the colleges. The 1st rotation was held in Guelph in 1993, followed in successive years by rotations at Saskatoon, Saint-Hyacinthe, and Charlottetown. The rotation is a predominantly field-based experience that allows students to work with veterinary and other role models who are actively engaged in clinical research related to ecosystem health. Five specific field studies that worked particularly well during the rotations are presented. These studies involved investigating mortality in wildlife due to botulism, designing an environmental surveillance system around herds of beef cattle, using belugas to evaluate the health of the St. Lawrence River, dealing with competition for water use by aquaculture and agriculture, and exploring the role of veterinarians during major coastal oil spills. The experience has resulted in our developing the subject matter, field examples, teaching approach, and confidence necessary to make ecosystem health the focus of a productive clinical rotation for senior year veterinary students.  相似文献   

Productivity and Sustainability of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)–Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cropping System as Influenced by Prilled Urea, Farmyard Manure and Azotobacter     

A. Das  M. Prasad  Y. S. Shivay  K. M. Subha 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2004,190(5):298-304

Field experiments were conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during 2001–2002 and 2002–2003, to study the effect of inorganic, organic and Azotobacter combined sources of N on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their residual effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. The results indicated considerable increase in yield attributes and mean seed cotton yield (2.33 Mg ha^?1) with the combined application of 30 kg N and farmyard manure (FYM) at 12 Mg ha^?1 along with Azotobacter (M₄). The treatment in cotton that included FYM, especially when fertilizer N was also applied could either improve or maintain the soil fertility status in terms of available N, P and K. Distinct increase in yield attributes and grain yield of wheat was observed with the residual effect of integrated application of 30 kg N ha^?1 + FYM at 12 Mg ha^?1 + Azotobacter. Direct application of 120 kg N ha^?1 resulted 67.4 and 17.7 % increase in mean grain yield of wheat over no N and 60 kg N ha^?1, respectively. Integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is therefore, recommended for higher productivity and sustainability of the cotton–wheat system.  相似文献   

The antagonistic effects of atipamezole and yohimbine on stress-related neurohormonal and metabolic responses induced by medetomidine in dogs          下载免费PDF全文

T. D. Ambrisko  Y. Hikasa 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2003,67(1):64-67

This study aimed to compare the antagonistic effects of atipamezole (40, 120, and 320 μg/kg, IM), yohimbine (110 μg/kg, IM), and saline on neurohormonal and metabolic responses induced by medetomidine (20 μg/kg, IM). Five beagle dogs were used in each of the 5 experimental groups in randomized order. Blood samples were taken for 6 h. Medetomidine significantly decreased norepinephrine, epinephrine, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acid levels, and increased plasma glucose levels. Both atipamezole and yohimbine antagonized these effects. The reversal effect of atipamezole was dose-dependency, except on epinephrine. Yohimbine caused prolonged increases in plasma norepinephrine and insulin levels compared to atipamezole, possibly because of its longer half-life elimination. Only yohimbine increased the cortisol levels. Neither glucagon nor lactate levels changed significantly. Based on these findings, when medetomidine-induced sedation is antagonized in dogs, we recommend using atipamezole IM, from 2- to 6-fold the dose of medetomidine, unless otherwise indicated.  相似文献   

Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) of a canine-transmissible venereal tumour in a murine model with Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09)     

J. Vilensky  N. V. Koudinova  A. Harmelin  A. Scherz  Y. Salomon 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2005,3(4):182-193

Treatment of canine‐transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) with local vascular‐targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) using Pd‐bacteriopheophorbide (WST09) as a drug is suggested as an alternative to conventional chemotherapy. Male CD1 nude mice were subcutaneously grafted with the xenograft‐transmissible canine venereal tumour (XTVT). The VTP protocol delivered once consisted of intravenous administration of WST09 (10 mg kg^?1) followed by immediate local illumination with a diode laser (763 nm). Controls included animals treated with light or WST09 alone. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of tumour response were conducted 10, 24 and 48 h after treatment. Upon VTP, tumours underwent necrosis that lasted 8–10 days and exhibited complete healing by 25–35 days, reaching an overall long‐term cure rate (83%) by 90 days after treatment. This study suggests that VTP with WST09 can efficiently treat CTVT in a single session, as compared with 4–6 sessions of chemotherapy and thus may be feasible for common veterinary practice, particularly under ambulatory conditions.  相似文献