Route of nutrient delivery     

Prittie J  Barton L 《Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice》2004,19(1):6-8

Nutritional intervention early in the course of critical illness in humans and animals can have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality. Enteral delivery of nutrients is less technically demanding, more physiologic, and less expensive than parenteral nutrition. Furthermore, as complete bowel rest during critical illness can be associated with detrimental intestinal structural and functional changes ultimately resulting in bacterial translocation from the gut, direct delivery of nutrients to the gastrointestinal tract is preferred in patients with sufficient gastrointestinal function to allow digestion and absorption of nutrients. Once the decision to "feed the gut" has been established, there are several routes of enteral nutrient delivery available. A sound knowledge of gastrointestinal function, anticipated duration of enteral support, and co-moribund conditions will help the clinician tailor a plan of nutrient delivery that optimally meets each patient's needs. This article will review available routes of nutrient delivery to the gastrointestinal tract, and discuss indications and contraindications for each.  相似文献   

Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response     

Liu PT  Stenger S  Li H  Wenzel L  Tan BH  Krutzik SR  Ochoa MT  Schauber J  Wu K  Meinken C  Kamen DL  Wagner M  Bals R  Steinmeyer A  Zügel U  Gallo RL  Eisenberg D  Hewison M  Hollis BW  Adams JS  Bloom BR  Modlin RL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5768):1770-1773

In innate immune responses, activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers direct antimicrobial activity against intracellular bacteria, which in murine, but not human, monocytes and macrophages is mediated principally by nitric oxide. We report here that TLR activation of human macrophages up-regulated expression of the vitamin D receptor and the vitamin D-1-hydroxylase genes, leading to induction of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We also observed that sera from African-American individuals, known to have increased susceptibility to tuberculosis, had low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and were inefficient in supporting cathelicidin messenger RNA induction. These data support a link between TLRs and vitamin D-mediated innate immunity and suggest that differences in ability of human populations to produce vitamin D may contribute to susceptibility to microbial infection.  相似文献   

Key odor impact compounds in three yeast extract pastes     

Mahadevan K  Farmer L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(19):7242-7250

Three types of yeast extract pastes from two different suppliers were compared. Compounds responsible for the key odors include 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-methyl-3-methyldithiofuran, methional, 1-octen-3-one, dimethyltrisulphide together with a number of pyrazines, thiophenes, and aliphatic compounds. The three types of yeast extract paste differed in the intensity of their main odors and, in particular, those caused by furans, furanthiols, and heterocyclic sulfur compounds. Not only do pastes from different suppliers differ in terms of odor volatiles, but so do different treatments and batches of yeast extract from one supplier. The results suggest that normal variations in the concentrations of precursors and processing conditions may cause variations in the flavor of the end product.  相似文献   

Immunohistochemical markers augment evaluation of vaccine efficacy and disease severity in bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinated cattle challenged with Mycobacterium bovis     

Johnson L  Gough J  Spencer Y  Hewinson G  Vordermeier M  Wangoo A 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,111(3-4):219-229

Development of necrotic granulomas in response to Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle is pathognomonic for bovine tuberculosis. Previously our laboratory reported on M. bovis granuloma classification by stage of lesion advancement within bovine lymph nodes and developed immunohistochemical markers to further characterize these granulomas. In this study of bovine lymph node granulomas we applied this classification system to assess the dynamics of vaccination challenge. Lymph nodes collected from cattle vaccinated with M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and subsequently challenged with virulent M. bovis were compared to lymph nodes from unvaccinated, challenged cattle. Expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), type I procollagen and cell marker identification of T cells, B cells, macrophages and WC1(+)gammadelta TCR+ cells were assessed. Granulomas formed in vaccinated cattle were greatly reduced in number, area, degree of necrosis and peripheral fibrosis and contained fewer Langhans' giant cells, acid fast bacilli, WC1(+)gammadelta TCR+ cells and less TGF-beta expression in comparison to controls. B cells clustered intensely along the outer granuloma margins within vaccinated calves, with significantly more IFN-gamma producing cells identified in the medullary regions of lymph nodes from BCG-vaccinated animals compared to unvaccinated controls. This may be indicative of immune activation and surveillance in regions not directly associated with ongoing disease. Lymph node evaluation using light microscopy and immunohistochemical markers is useful to assess the immune response and discriminate granulomas to determine vaccine efficacy and disease severity.  相似文献   

ATP release guides neutrophil chemotaxis via P2Y2 and A3 receptors     

Chen Y  Corriden R  Inoue Y  Yip L  Hashiguchi N  Zinkernagel A  Nizet V  Insel PA  Junger WG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5806):1792-1795

Cells must amplify external signals to orient and migrate in chemotactic gradient fields. We find that human neutrophils release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the leading edge of the cell surface to amplify chemotactic signals and direct cell orientation by feedback through P2Y2 nucleotide receptors. Neutrophils rapidly hydrolyze released ATP to adenosine that then acts via A3-type adenosine receptors, which are recruited to the leading edge, to promote cell migration. Thus, ATP release and autocrine feedback through P2Y2 and A3 receptors provide signal amplification, controlling gradient sensing and migration of neutrophils.  相似文献   

Requirement for coronin 1 in T lymphocyte trafficking and cellular homeostasis     

Föger N  Rangell L  Danilenko DM  Chan AC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5788):839-842

The evolutionarily conserved actin-related protein (Arp2/3) complex is a key component of actin filament networks that is dynamically regulated by nucleation-promoting and inhibitory factors. Although much is known about actin assembly, the physiologic functions of inhibitory proteins are unclear. We generated coronin 1-/- mice and found that coronin 1 exerted an inhibitory effect on cellular steady-state F-actin formation via an Arp2/3-dependent mechanism. Whereas coronin 1 was required for chemokine-mediated migration, it was dispensable for T cell antigen receptor functions in T cells. Moreover, actin dynamics, through a mitochondrial pathway, was linked to lymphocyte homeostasis.  相似文献   

Effects of a therapeutic riding program on at-risk and special education children     

Kaiser L  Smith KA  Heleski CR  Spence LJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,228(1):46-52

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of a therapeutic riding program on psychosocial measurements among children considered at risk for poor performance or failure in school or life and among children in special education programs. DESIGN: Observational study. POPULATION: 17 at-risk children (6 boys and 11 girls) and 14 special education children (7 boys and 7 girls). PROCEDURE: For the at-risk children, anger, anxiety, perceived self-competence, and physical coordination were assessed. For the special education children, anger and cheerfulness were measured, and the children's and their mothers' perceptions of the children's behavior were assessed. Measurements were made before and after an 8-session therapeutic riding program. RESULTS: For boys enrolled in the special education program, anger was significantly decreased after completion of the riding program. The boys' mothers also perceived significant improvements in their children's behavior after completion of the program. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that an 8-session therapeutic riding program can significantly decrease anger in adolescent boys in a special education program and positively affect their mothers' perception of the boys' behavior.  相似文献   

Effect of age on reference intervals of serum biochemical values in kittens     

Levy JK  Crawford PC  Werner LL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,228(7):1033-1037

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of age on reference intervals of serum biochemical values in kittens. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 55 kittens from 12 specific-pathogen-free queens. PROCEDURE: Kittens were allocated at birth into colostrum-fed (n = 27) and colostrum-deprived (28) groups. Blood was collected at birth and on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 56. Serum samples were analyzed for activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, amylase, and lipase and for concentrations of albumin, total protein, bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, and triglycerides by use of an automated analyzer. Total serum solids concentrations were determined by use of refractometry. Serum IgG concentrations were quantified by use of radial immunodiffusion. RESULTS: For several analytes, reference intervals changed rapidly, most notably during the first few days of life. Reference intervals for alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and triglycerides were higher from birth to 8 weeks than adult reference intervals. Aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, urea nitrogen, and creatinine were higher than in adults at birth but were similar to or lower than adult reference intervals by 8 weeks. Compared with adult reference intervals, reference intervals for calcium and phosphorus concentrations were higher and for albumin and total protein concentrations were lower throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Important differences exist between reference intervals for serum biochemical values of neonatal and adult cats. Age-appropriate reference intervals should be used for accurate assessment of serum biochemical test results in cats.  相似文献   

Evaluation of surrogate markers for passive transfer of immunity in kittens     

Crawford PC  Levy JK  Werner LL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,228(7):1038-1041

OBJECTIVE: To identify surrogate markers of passive transfer of immunity in kittens. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 55 kittens from 12 specific-pathogen-free queens. PROCEDURE: Kittens were allocated at birth into colostrum-fed (n = 27) and colostrum-deprived (28) groups. Blood was collected at birth and on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 56. Serum samples were analyzed for activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, amylase, and lipase and for concentrations of albumin, total protein, bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, and triglycerides by use of an automated analyzer. Total serum solids concentrations were estimated by use of refractometry. Serum IgG concentrations were quantified by use of radial immunodiffusion. RESULTS: All kittens were agammaglobulinemic at birth. Colostrum-fed kittens had significantly higher IgG concentrations than did colostrum-deprived kittens from 1 though 28 days of age. Transient significant differences in serum biochemical variables between the colostrum-deprived and colostrum-fed groups were substantially resolved by day 4. Passive transfer of immunity could be reliably determined at 1 day of age and to a lesser extent at 2 days of age only by measurement of serum activity of ALP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Adequacy of passive transfer in kittens initially correlated with serum activity of ALP, but quantification of serum IgG concentration was necessary after 2 days of age.  相似文献   

Demographic trends for animal care and control agencies in Ohio from 1996 to 2004     

Lord LK  Wittum TE  Ferketich AK  Funk JA  Rajala-Schultz P  Kauffman RM 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,229(1):48-54

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes between 1996 and 2004 in regard to numbers of animals handled, medical care provided, expenses, numbers of employees, and agency policies for animal care and control agencies in Ohio. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: 223 animal care and control agencies. PROCEDURES: A questionnaire was mailed to animal care and control agencies in Ohio to collect information for 2004; results were compared with published results of a similar survey. RESULTS: 165 of the 223 (74%) agencies responded. Estimated total number of animals handled in 2004 was 315,519, which represented a decrease of 7% compared with 1996. However, although number of dogs taken in decreased 17%, number of cats taken in increased 20%. Between 1996 and 2004, the euthanasia rate decreased from 65.3% to 56.8%, and the adoption rate increased from 24.5% to 33.6%. Number of dogs euthanatized decreased 39%, but number of cats euthanatized increased 14%. The proportion of agencies with a spay-neuter policy increased from 56% to 71%, and the proportion that maintained an association with a veterinarian increased from 39% to 80%. For dogs handled by county dog warden agencies, the odds of euthanasia were higher if the agency did not have a spay-neuter policy (odds ratio, 1.36). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the status of dogs handled by animal care and control agencies in Ohio improved between 1996 and 2004, but that the status of cats deteriorated.  相似文献