Where systems biology meets postharvest     

Maarten L.A.T.M. Hertog  David R. RudellRomina Pedreschi  Robert J. SchafferAnnemie H. Geeraerd  Bart M. Nicolaï  Ian Ferguson 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2011,62(3):223-237

According to the dictionary, a system is something like “a group or combination of interrelated, interdependent, or interacting elements forming a collective entity”. In postharvest, fresh harvested food crops can be considered isolated small scale systems. Postharvest research aims to understand the quality of these ‘systems’ as influenced by postharvest conditions. The phenotypic quality of horticultural produce is based on genetic traits that are expressed through a cascade of reactions subject to complex regulatory mechanisms and diverse environmental conditions. Ultimately, to fully understand postharvest phenomena, a systemic approach that links genetic and environmental responses and identifies the underlying biological networks is required. Thanks to the development of high throughput omics techniques such system-wide approaches have become a viable option to support traditional postharvest research. This review provides an overview of systems biology and how it can lead postharvest research into a new era.  相似文献   

Development and reproduction of Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) and pollen     

De Clercq P  Bonte M  Van Speybroeck K  Bolckmans K  Deforce K 《Pest management science》2005,61(11):1129-1132

Due to growing criticism over the use of non-indigenous coccinellids, the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata (L.), has enjoyed increasing attention for aphid biocontrol in Europe. In the current study, eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, whether or not supplemented with bee pollen, were evaluated as a factitious food for larvae and adults of A. bipunctata. The predator showed slower larval development and lower survival when reared on live pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), than on E. kuehniella eggs. Survival on gamma-irradiated eggs of E. kuehniella was superior to that on frozen flour moth eggs, but other developmental characteristics were similar. Adults of A. bipunctata reared on Ac. pisum were only half as fecund as those offered irradiated or frozen E. kuehniella eggs, but egg hatch was markedly better on live aphids than on flour moth eggs (61 versus 20-27%, respectively). However, when a diet of flour moth eggs was supplemented with frozen moist bee pollen, egg hatch of A. bipunctata was equally as good as on live aphids. Supplementing flour moth eggs with dry pollen did not yield satisfactory results. Only 10% of larvae reached adulthood on moist bee pollen alone and resulting adults weighed less than half as much as those obtained on flour moth eggs. Our findings indicate that A. bipunctata is able to compensate for a suboptimal diet of animal prey by supplementary feeding on flower pollen. It is concluded that pollinivory may be a crucial trait for both the rearing of this natural enemy and its use in biological control programmes.  相似文献   

Pets in man's search for sanity     

R D Ryder 《The Journal of small animal practice》1973,14(11):657-668

I have said that pets can satisfy our psychological needs in a number of ways, some not especially selfish and others extremely so-they give us physical tactile comfort, they natter us and make us feel important, they help us to drop our social facades and to be ourselves, they give us a feeling of companionship and security, especially at night, they can boost our egos as extensions of ourselves or as compensations for our weaknesses. We can gain satisfaction from showing off our pets to others, they increase our self-confidence by submitting to our authority and sometimes, alas, they relieve our hostilities by acting as our scape-goats- they pander to the tyrant in us by becoming our slaves. They also play with us and so allow expression of the eternal child inside most adults, they can play with children and allow the child to develop his fantasies and thoughts, and they can act as go-betweens in human relationships, often facilitating the flow of emotion between human beings. Above all, pets allow us to love and to be loved- the experience of feeling loved and needed is the greatest psychotherapeutic service which they give to us. To each member of a family they can become something different-another child to the mother, a sibling to the child, a grandchild to the elderly. As companions for the isolated they are particularly supportive- especially for the old and lonely. As psychotherapists they can be useful.  相似文献   

Tissue distribution of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infectivity in Romney sheep up to the onset of clinical disease after oral challenge   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Bellworthy SJ  Hawkins SA  Green RB  Blamire I  Dexter G  Dexter I  Lockey R  Jeffrey M  Ryder S  Berthelin-Baker C  Simmons MM 《The Veterinary record》2005,156(7):197-202

Sixty Romney sheep of three prion protein genotypes were dosed orally at six months of age with an inoculum prepared from the brains of cattle clinically affected with BSE, and 15 sheep were left undosed as controls. They were randomly assigned within genotype to groups and were sequentially euthanased and examined postmortem at intervals of six or 12 months, depending on their predicted susceptibility. Tissue pools prepared from the three, four or five dosed animals in each group were inoculated into groups of 20 RIII mice as a bioassay for infectivity. Separate inocula were prepared from the matched control sheep killed at each time. In the ARQ/ARQ sheep killed four months after inoculation, infectivity was detected in the Peyer's patch tissue pool, and at 10 months it was detected in the spleen pool; from 16 months, infectivity was detected in a range of nervous and lymphoreticular tissues, including the spinal cord pool, distal ileum excluding Peyer's patches, liver, Peyer's patches, mesenteric and prescapular lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and cervical thymus. No infectivity was detected in the tissue pools from the ARQ/ARR and ARR/ARR sheep killed 10 months or 22 months after infection.  相似文献   

Prevalence of scrapie in sheep in Great Britain estimated from abattoir surveys during 2002 and 2003     

Elliott H  Gubbins S  Ryan J  Ryder S  Tongue S  Watkins G  Wilesmith J 《The Veterinary record》2005,157(14):418-419

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Variation in free jumping technique within and among horses with little experience in show jumping     

Santamaría S  Bobbert ME  Back W  Barneveld A  van Weeren PR 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(7):938-944

OBJECTIVE: To quantify variation in the jumping technique within and among young horses with little jumping experience, establish relationships between kinetic and kinematic variables, and identify a limited set of variables characteristic for detecting differences in jumping performance among horses. ANIMALS: Fifteen 4-year-old Dutch Warmblood horses. PROCEDURE: The horses were raised under standardized conditions and trained in accordance with a fixed protocol for a short period. Subsequently, horses were analyzed kinematically during free jumping over a fence with a height of 1.05 m. RESULTS: Within-horse variation in all variables that quantified jumping technique was smaller than variation among horses. However, some horses had less variation than others. Height of the center of gravity (CG) at the apex of the jump ranged from 1.80 to 2.01 m among horses; this variation could be explained by the variation in vertical velocity of the CG at takeoff (r, 0.78). Horses that had higher vertical velocity at takeoff left the ground and landed again farther from the fence, had shorter push-off phases for the forelimbs and hind limbs, and generated greater vertical acceleration of the CG primarily during the hind limb push-off. However, all horses cleared the fence successfully, independent of jumping technique. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Each horse had its own jumping technique. Differences among techniques were characterized by variations in the vertical velocity of the CG at takeoff. It must be determined whether jumping performance later in life can be predicted from observing free jumps of young horses.  相似文献   

A reaction to the discussion about chemotherapy     

Pilgram M  van Santen E  Geers M 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2004,129(16):535; author reply 535-535; author reply 536

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You are being invited to a yearly welfare inspection and vaccination of Jut and Jul     

Pilgram M 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2006,131(14-15):542

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Deworming according to European standards (ESCCAP)     

van Knapen F  Borgsteede F  Eysker M  van der Giessen J  Overgaauw P  van Doom D;Werkgroep Veterinaire Parasitologie Nederland 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2006,131(17):620

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Evaluation of delayed-image bone scintigraphy to assess bone formation after distraction osteogenesis in dogs     

Theyse LF  Hazewinkel HA  Terlou M  Pollak YW  Voorhout G 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(5):790-795

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively assess distraction-induced bone formation in a crural lengthening model in dogs by use of delayed-image bone scintigraphy. ANIMALS: 12 mature Labrador Retrievers. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. A circular external skeletal fixation system was mounted on the right crus of each dog. Osteotomy of the distal portion of the tibia and fibula was performed in groups 1 and 2 and was followed by a lengthening procedure of 10 mm in the first group only. The third group served as sham-operated controls. Delayed-image bone scintigraphy with technetium-99m hydroxy methylene diphosphonate was performed 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery. Delayed-image-to-region-of-interest, delayed-image-to-crural, and delayed-image-to-femoral scintigraphic activity ratios were calculated. New bone formation was quantified by use of densitometric image analysis, and values for the scintigraphic ratios were compared. RESULTS: In the distraction and osteotomy groups, delayed-image-to-region-of-interest and delayed-image-to-crural ratios increased significantly. Although densitometric image analysis revealed increased bone formation after distraction, the region-of-interest ratios and crural ratios were similar in both groups. All dogs had increased delayed-image-to-femoral ratios. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Delayed-image bone scintigraphy ratios were not effective at differentiating between the amounts of distraction-induced bone and osteotomy-induced bone. Metabolic bone activity in the adjacent femur was increased as a consequence of circular external skeletal fixator placement. Delayed-image bone scintigraphy was not adequately sensitive to quantitatively monitor bone formation but may be useful as an early predictor of bone healing.  相似文献