A practical approach to managing the risks of iodine deficiency in flocks using thyroid-weight:birthweight ratios of lambs     

SO Knowles  ND Grace 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6):314-318

AIM: To establish a protocol for determining the iodine status of a flock and managing the risks of iodine deficiency, using thyroid-weight:birthweight ratios of newborn lambs and serum iodine concentrations of ewes.

METHODS: Data were collected from iodine supplementation studies in Southland and Rangitikei, of sheep fed exclusively pasture or pasture plus brassica during the latter half of gestation (n=350, or 89 per treatment group). The ewes were supplemented pre-mating or at the time of pregnancy scanning with an injection of long-acting iodised oil. Serum iodine concentrations were measured in ewes prepartum in Rangitikei and postpartum at both locations. The thyroid-weight:birthweight ratios (as g/kg) in 229 newborn lambs were determined at post-mortem examination and compared between iodine supplemented vs unsupplemented flocks using probit analysis. Samples of pasture and kale were analysed monthly for determination of iodine and selenium.

RESULTS: Initial mean serum iodine concentration of all ewes was 41 µg iodine/L. Supplementation increased serum iodine concentrations regardless of forage fed, and concentrations remained high for between 127 and 206 days. The range of thyroid-weight:birthweight ratios in lambs from supplemented ewes was 0.09–0.70 (mean 0.35, standard deviation (SD) 0.147) g/kg. Among lambs from unsupplemented ewes, the range was much wider (0.21–8.5; mean 1.61, SD 1.95 g/kg). About half of those ratios were >0.8 g/kg and clearly indicative of goitre, including 62% from the groups on brassica and 18% from the Rangitikei group fed exclusively pasture. Probit calculations showed that a ratio of 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.29–0.47) g/kg predicted with 35% probability, and a ratio of 0.80 (95% CI=0.70–0.99) g/kg predicted with 90% probability that a lamb came from an unsupplemented flock.

CONCLUSIONS: Compared to iodine concentrations in forages, thyroid-weight:birthweight ratios more accurately reflected the iodine status of the flock and could be used to identify which flocks to supplement the following year. Serum iodine concentrations of ewes measured before or after lambing did not reflect forage fed, but values near 40 µg/L were associated with goitrous lambs.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thyroid-weight:birthweight ratios >0.8 g/kg were indicative of iodine deficiency, and ewes should be supplemented pre-mating or during pregnancy to prevent goitre the following year. Ratios <0.4 g/kg rarely occurred among deficient flocks, so the probability of benefit from supplementation was low. Intermediate ratios were ambiguous, and the iodine status of the flock could not be determined from biomarkers. In such cases individual-farm supplementation trials might be required to detect and manage the risks of marginal deficiency.  相似文献   

THE VITALITY OF CYSTS OF THE PROTOZOON,DIDINIUM NASUTUM     

Mast SO 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1917,46(1177):70-72

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Measurement of C‐reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra     

SO Enginler  A Ateş  B Diren Sığırcı  BH Sontaş  K Sönmez  E Karaçam  H Ekici  G Evkuran Dal  A Gürel 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2014,49(4):641-647

Canine pyometra is a dioestrus period disease in which systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a common outcome due to the response of the body to the bacterial infection. The purpose of this study was i) to differentiate canine pyometra and cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)/mucometra by measuring serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) and prostaglandin F_2α metabolite (PGFM) concentrations in blood and ii) to compare serum concentrations of CRP and PGFM in bitches with a pathological uterus (pyometra or CEH/mucometra) to concentrations in bitches with a healthy uterus. Mean CRP concentrations were found significantly higher (p < 0.001) in dogs with pyometra compared to those with CEH/mucometra or healthy uterus. However, no statistical difference could be detected between the groups for mean PGFM concentrations. Mean white blood cell count (WBC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total protein concentrations were found significantly higher (p < 0.001) in dogs with pyometra. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated microorganism from dogs with pyometra (64.3%). Edwardsiella spp. was detected in a single case of pyometra for the first time. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that serum CRP concentrations were increased in dogs with pyometra and thus we conclude that serum CRP concentration but not PGFM might be useful as a marker to differentiate a case of CEH/mucometra from pyometra in female dogs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report in which Edwardsiella spp. has been isolated in the canine uterus.  相似文献   

Mining Indonesian Microbial Biodiversity for Novel Natural Compounds by a Combined Genome Mining and Molecular Networking Approach     

Ira Handayani  Hamada Saad  Shanti Ratnakomala  Puspita Lisdiyanti  Wien Kusharyoto  Janina Krause  Andreas Kulik  Wolfgang Wohlleben  Saefuddin Aziz  Harald Gross  Athina Gavriilidou  Nadine Ziemert  Yvonne Mast 《Marine drugs》2021,19(6)

Indonesia is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world and a promising resource for novel natural compound producers. Actinomycetes produce about two thirds of all clinically used antibiotics. Thus, exploiting Indonesia’s microbial diversity for actinomycetes may lead to the discovery of novel antibiotics. A total of 422 actinomycete strains were isolated from three different unique areas in Indonesia and tested for their antimicrobial activity. Nine potent bioactive strains were prioritized for further drug screening approaches. The nine strains were cultivated in different solid and liquid media, and a combination of genome mining analysis and mass spectrometry (MS)-based molecular networking was employed to identify potential novel compounds. By correlating secondary metabolite gene cluster data with MS-based molecular networking results, we identified several gene cluster-encoded biosynthetic products from the nine strains, including naphthyridinomycin, amicetin, echinomycin, tirandamycin, antimycin, and desferrioxamine B. Moreover, 16 putative ion clusters and numerous gene clusters were detected that could not be associated with any known compound, indicating that the strains can produce novel secondary metabolites. Our results demonstrate that sampling of actinomycetes from unique and biodiversity-rich habitats, such as Indonesia, along with a combination of gene cluster networking and molecular networking approaches, accelerates natural product identification.  相似文献   

An energy based parameter for the assessment of aggregate bond energy   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

S. R. RAINE  H. B. SO 《European Journal of Soil Science》1993,44(2):249-259

The energy applied to a soil-water suspension by an ultrasonic probe was determined for seven vertisol soils using calorimetric techniques. The rate of energy consumed by aggregate dispersion during sonification was calculated as the difference between the energy components measured before and after complete dispersion. Dispersive energy consumption was found to vary significantly during sonification and significant differences (P<0.05) were found between soils for the total dispersive energy required for complete dispersion. The soil dispersion characteristic curves, which relate the dispersive energy consumption during sonification to the quantity of <2 μm and <20 μm material dispersed, were also significantly different between soils. Error analysis of the calorimetric technique revealed that the energy consumed by complete dispersion is calculated with a precision of ±0.5 J g^?1. For the soils studied, this was smaller than the observed variance in total dispersive energy consumed suggesting sample variability was the major source of variation. The ultrasonic technique was also used to determine the equivalent total energy applied and the amount of energy consumed by aggregate breakdown and dispersion during 30 min of end-over-end shaking. No significant difference (P<0.05) was found between soils for the total energy applied. However, a significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between soils for the quantity of dispersive energy required to produce the equivalent end-over-end dispersion.  相似文献   

PROBLEMS,METHODS AND RESULTS IN BEHAVIOR     

Mast SO 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1918,48(1250):579-588

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Carbon structures with three-dimensional periodicity at optical wavelengths   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

AA Zakhidov  RH Baughman  Z Iqbal  C Cui  I Khayrullin  SO Dantas  J Marti  VG Ralchenko 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,282(5390):897-901

Porous carbons that are three-dimensionally periodic on the scale of optical wavelengths were made by a synthesis route resembling the geological formation of natural opal. Porous silica opal crystals were sintered to form an intersphere interface through which the silica was removed after infiltration with carbon or a carbon precursor. The resulting porous carbons had different structures depending on synthesis conditions. Both diamond and glassy carbon inverse opals resulted from volume filling. Graphite inverse opals, comprising 40-angstrom-thick layers of graphite sheets tiled on spherical surfaces, were produced by surface templating. The carbon inverse opals provide examples of both dielectric and metallic optical photonic crystals. They strongly diffract light and may provide a route toward photonic band-gap materials.  相似文献   

Inclusion body disease in snakes: a review and description of three cases in boa constrictors in Belgium     

Vancraeynest D  Pasmans F  Martel A  Chiers K  Meulemans G  Mast J  Zwart P  Ducatelle R 《The Veterinary record》2006,158(22):757-760

Inclusion body disease, a fatal disorder in Boidae, is reviewed, and three cases in boa constrictors, the first reported cases in Belgium, are described. The snakes showed nervous signs, and numerous eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions, which are considered to be characteristic of the disease, were found in the liver and pancreas. The disease is suspected to be caused by a retrovirus, but transmission electron microscopic examinations of several tissues from one of the snakes did not reveal particles with a typical retroviral morphology.  相似文献   

Bluetongue in northern Europe     

Toussaint JF  Vandenbussche F  Mast J  De Meester L  Goris N  Van Dessel W  Vanopdenbosche E  Kerkhofs P  De Clercq K  Zientara S  Sailleau C  Czaplicki G  Depoorter G  Dochy JM 《The Veterinary record》2006,159(10):327

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Loss of reserves of Cu in liver when Cu supplements are withdrawn from dairy herds in the Waikato region     

AR Hittmann  ND Grace  SO Knowles 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(2):150-153

Abstract

AIM: To monitor the consequences of withdrawing mineral Cu supplements from two dairy herds with initially high concentrations of Cu in liver.

METHODS: Two herds were selected from dairy farms in the Waikato region of New Zealand that participated in an earlier survey of Cu supplementation practices and Cu status of dairy cows. The herds were fed pasture, grass and maize silage, plus palm kernel expeller (PKE) containing 25–30 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM) fed at 2–4 kg/cow/day. No mineral Cu supplements were supplied from January 2009. Pasture samples were collected for mineral analysis in September 2008 and April 2009. Concentration of Cu in liver biopsies from the same 9–10 cows per herd was measured on three occasions between April 2009 and May 2010.

RESULTS: Pastures on both farms contained 10 mg Cu/kg DM, 0.1–0.5 mg Mo/kg DM and 3.5–4.0 g S/kg DM. The initial herd mean concentrations of Cu in liver were 1,500 (SD 590) and 1,250 (SD 640) μmol Cu/kg fresh tissue. In the absence of mineral Cu supplements, those mean concentrations decreased over 12 months to 705 (SD 370) and 1,120 (SD 560) μmol Cu/kg fresh tissue, respectively. For cows in the first herd, the rate of depletion of liver Cu reserves was influenced by initial concentration of Cu, such that high concentration led to faster loss according to first-order kinetics.

CONCLUSIONS: Mineral Cu supplementation was not necessary over 12 months for two dairy herds with mean concentrations of Cu in liver >1,250 μmol Cu/kg fresh tissue, grazing pastures containing 10 mg Cu/kg DM and concentrations of Mo <1 mg/kg DM. The quantity and particularly the duration of feeding PKE appeared to be a factor in whether or not the herd lost substantial reserves of Cu in liver during the year. However, the Cu status of both herds in this study was more than adequate to support late pregnancy and mating.

CLINICAL REVELANCE: Copper status of the herd should be monitored and on-farm management of Cu nutrition should take into account all sources contributing to daily intake of Cu. Where Cu supplementation has been excessive and there is risk of chronic Cu toxicity, mineral Cu supplements may be withdrawn for a period commensurate with the expected rate of liver Cu depletion.  相似文献