Isoprene emission, photosynthesis, and growth in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) seedlings exposed to short- and long-term drying cycles     

Fang C  Monson RK  Cowling EB 《Tree physiology》1996,16(4):441-446

Isoprene emissions were studied in one-year old sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) seedlings during nine drying-rewatering cycles extending over five months. Each drying cycle lasted to the point of leaf wilting. Growth was essentially stopped in response to the first drying cycle, though seedling survival and capacity to recover turgor on rewatering remained high throughout the entire nine cycles. Photosynthetic rates of leaves were inhibited by the drying treatments. Under severe drought, isoprene emission rates of leaves were also inhibited, though isoprene emission was generally less sensitive to drought than photosynthesis. The lower drought sensitivity of isoprene emission compared with photosynthesis resulted in a higher percentage of fixed carbon lost as isoprene as seedlings became more stressed. During the recovery phase of the drying-rewatering cycles, isoprene emission rates in several seedlings were higher than in well-watered control seedlings. Following the ninth drying-rewatering cycle, sustained daily watering resulted in recovery of isoprene emission rates to control values within four days. Photosynthetic rates only recovered to 50% of control values after seven days. We conclude that the mechanisms regulating photosynthetic rate and isoprene emission rate are differentially influenced by limited water supplies. The results are consistent with past studies that predict a protective role for isoprene emission during stress, particularly protection from excessive leaf temperatures during drought.  相似文献   

Integration of pines,pastures, and cattle in south Georgia,USA     

Lewis  Clifford E.  Burton  Glenn W.  Monson  Warren G.  McCormick  W. C. 《Agroforestry Systems》1983,1(4):277-297

Agroforestry Systems - Native forages of southern United States are frequently low in nutrients and poorly digestible, while improved pastures are the opposite. Since this area produces rapid...  相似文献   

Multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus spp. as a cause of non-responsive septic synovitis in three horses     

CL Herdan  E Acke  M Dicken  RM Archer  SF Forsyth  EK Gee 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):297-304

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: Three Thoroughbred horses, a 6-week-old filly (Case 1), a 15-year-old broodmare (Case 2) and a yearling filly (Case 3), sustained synovial sepsis secondary to trauma.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Case 1 presented with a heel bulb laceration communicating with the distal interphalangeal joint. Arthroscopic lavage was performed and treatment commenced using systemic and local broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs. A pure growth of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus gallinarum was cultured from samples of synovium and joint fluid. Antimicrobial treatment was changed according to the susceptibility results. Response to treatment was poor and despite repeat arthroscopic lavage and intra-osseous regional perfusion of antimicrobials the filly was subject to euthanasia 24 days after the initial injury. Post-mortem examination confirmed septic synovitis, cartilage degeneration and osteomyelitis.

Case 2 sustained a full thickness wound to the carpus which was sharply debrided and closed. The wound dehisced with effusion within the tendon sheath. Drainage was established and treatment included systemic broad spectrum antimicrobials, topical lavage with povodine-iodine and manuka honey infusion. A mixed infection including MDR Enterococcus faecalis was cultured from the synovial fluid. Antebrachiocarpal joint effusion developed 21 days after initial injury and joint sepsis was confirmed. Arthroscopic lavage and tendon sheath debridement were performed, followed by treatment with systemic and local antimicrobials. The mare improved and was discharged. Three months later lameness recurred and corticosteroids were administered intra-articularly. The mare became non-weight bearing lame and was subject to euthanasia. Post-mortem examination confirmed joint sepsis of the antebrachiocarpal and intercarpal joint.

Case 3 presented with a complete articular open fracture of the tibial crest. Under general anaesthesia the fracture was stabilised and the wounds debrided and closed. Systemic broad-spectrum antimicrobials were administered. Six days later the wound dehisced and a bone fragment was removed. Three weeks post-surgery the wound deteriorated with a purulent discharge. Culture of the discharge revealed a mixed bacterial infection, including a MDR Enterococcus faecalis. Femoropatellar joint involvement was confirmed, and treatment included joint lavage, local and systemic antibiosis, and manuka honey instilled into the wound. The filly initially improved, and then deteriorated such that euthanasia was performed.

DIAGNOSIS: All three cases had synovial sepsis with MDR Enterococcus spp.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased awareness of MDR pathogens in equine wound infections is essential. Prompt diagnostic testing, appropriate therapy, infection control strategies and on-going monitoring and management are vital to limit the clinical impact of these organisms.  相似文献   

Veterinarians' preferences for anticonvulsant drugs for treating seizure disorders in dogs and cats   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

EK Kluger  R Malik  M Govendir 《Australian veterinary journal》2009,87(11):445-449

Objective   To identify veterinarians' approaches and concerns when managing canine and feline patients with acute and chronic seizure disorders.
Design   Cross-sectional survey.
Method   A questionnaire was distributed to veterinarians to determine how many dogs and cats they were actively treating for seizures, their anticonvulsant drug (ACD) preferences for treating acute and chronic seizure disorders and whether serum anticonvulsant concentrations and/or biochemical analytes were routinely measured. Additional questions involved the respondent's year and place of graduation and identified concerns they faced when managing patients with seizure disorders.
Results   Phenobarbitone was the most commonly used ACD for managing chronic seizure disorders in both dogs and cats, with 82% of respondents using a combination of phenobarbitone and potassium bromide to manage refractory seizure disorders in dogs. Most respondents (96%) felt comfortable managing seizures in dogs, but only 63% were comfortable managing affected cats. Routine monitoring of serum ACD concentrations and of liver biochemical analytes was performed routinely by 71% and 45% of respondents, respectively. Of the respondents, 86% graduated from Australian universities and of these 53% had graduated after 1985.
Conclusion   Veterinarians identified when to commence medication, whether regular monitoring of serum ACD concentrations and liver enzyme activity was necessary, and if the cost was justified. Veterinarians also identified the need to balance dose rates and side-effects by using combination therapy, and the importance of providing accurate information to clients about what to expect in terms of seizure control for their pet.  相似文献   

Effects of stocking on the genetic structure of brown trout,Salmo trutta,in Central Europe inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers     

J. KOHOUT  I. JAŠKOVÁ  I. PAPOUŠEK  A. ŠEDIVÁ  V. ŠLECHTA 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2012,19(3):252-263

Abstract Stocking has had a considerable effect on wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L., populations throughout Europe. To elucidate this impact and to outline further management strategies, the genetic structure of 25 wild populations and five hatchery stocks from Czech Republic and Slovakia were analysed using mitochondrial (control region) and nuclear DNA (microsatellites, LDH‐C1*) markers. Stocking practices have caused massive hybridisation between the Atlantic and Danube brown trout strains in the central Danube basin and have lead to a loss of among‐population divergence in Slovakia and the eastern part of Czech Republic. Comparison with studies from neighbouring countries revealed substantial differences in haplotype, allele frequencies and genetic diversity across Central Europe. Differences in stocking management and origin of breeding stocks appear to be crucial factors for the spatial variability of the genetic structure of brown trout.  相似文献   

Use of insulin-like growth factor-I during embryo culture and treatment of recipients with gonadotropin-releasing hormone to increase pregnancy rates following the transfer of in vitro-produced embryos to heat-stressed,lactating cows     

Block J  Drost M  Monson RL  Rutledge JJ  Rivera RM  Paula-Lopes FF  Ocon OM  Krininger CE  Liu J  Hansen PJ 《Journal of animal science》2003,81(6):1590-1602

An experiment was conducted to determine whether pregnancy rates following the transfer of in vitro-produced embryos to heat-stressed cows could be improved by 1) culturing embryos in the presence of IGF-I and 2) treating recipients with GnRH. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 260) were synchronized using a timed ovulation protocol. Embryos were produced in vitro and cultured with or without 100 ng/mL of IGF-I. On d 7 after anticipated ovulation (d 0), a single embryo was transferred to all recipients with a palpable corpus luteum (n = 210). A subset of recipients (n = 164) was injected with either GnRH or placebo on d 11. Plasma progesterone concentrations on d 0 and 7 were used to determine the synchrony of recipients. Pregnancy was diagnosed at d 53 and 81 by rectal palpation. Among all recipients, transfer of IGF-I-treated embryos increased pregnancy rate at d 53 (P < 0.05) and tended to increase pregnancy rate at d 81 (P < 0.06). Calving rate also tended to be higher for recipients that received IGF-I-treated embryos (P < 0.07). Among the subset of synchronized recipients (n = 190), pregnancy rate at d 53 and d 81 and calving rate were higher (P < 0.05) for IGF-I-treated embryos. The GnRH tended to increase pregnancy rate at d 53 for all recipients (P < 0.08) and the subset of synchronized recipients (P < 0.10). There were no effects of GnRH (P > 0.10) for pregnancy rate at d 81 and calving rate. The overall proportion of male calves was 64.3%. There was no effect (P > 0.10) of embryo treatment or GnRH on the birth weight or sex ratio of calves. Results of this experiment indicate that treatment of embryos with IGF-I can improve pregnancy and calving rates following transfer of in vitro-produced embryos. Further research is necessary to determine whether the treatment of recipients with GnRH is a practical approach to increase pregnancy rates following in vitro embryo transfer.  相似文献   

Orphan rearing of puppies and kittens     

W J Monson 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1987,17(3):567-576

The following are some of the key elements to successful rearing of the orphaned puppies and kittens: Do not overfeed, especially during the first several days, to allow for adaptation to the milk replacer. Use a milk replacer with a composition similar to the natural milk. Cleanliness during feeding is essential. Weigh the animals periodically to monitor performance and establish feeding levels. Maintain a warm, draft-free environment with adequate humidity. Keep the animals clean and aid their bowel movements and urination if necessary. Feeding frequency should allow for stomach emptying before feeding. Control diarrhea as soon as possible by the suggested methods. If it becomes necessary to re-establish desirable bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract, a suitable live culture such as Bene-Bac may be used. Other supportive therapy may be necessary. Make all formula or ration changes slowly. Start the animals on some solid food as soon as possible and certainly by age 3 to 5 weeks, depending on the species. These 10 guidelines will allow for successful rearing of orphaned puppies and kittens. To follow them requires patience and attention to detail. The goal is the preservation of life and a sound program of nutrition and management throughout the nursing period.  相似文献   

Effects of bovine somatotropin and timed embryo transfer on pregnancy rates in non-lactating cattle     

Block J  Rivera RM  Drost M  Jousan FD  Looney CR  Silvestre FT  Paula-Lopes FF  Ocon OM  Rosson H  Bilby TR  Monson RL  Rutledge JJ  Hansen PJ 《The Veterinary record》2005,156(6):175-176

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in culture fluids and tissue homogenates of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson     

L. RODÁK  Z. POSPÍ&#;IL  J. TOMÁNEK  T. VESELÝ  T. OBR  L. VALÍ&#;EK 《Journal of fish diseases》1988,11(3):225-235

Abstract. A double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is described. The sensitivity of the assay reached 10² TCID₅₀ per 0·1 ml of culture fluid. The specificity of anti-IPNV sera and of the assay was confirmed by agar-gel immunodiffusion, by the direct immunoperoxidase technique for the deletion of IPNV in tissue cultures and by the ELISA inhibition test. High values of specific inhibition (over 90% at serum dilutions 1:40–1:2560) and low values of non-specific inhibition (8·4% at serum dilution 1:160) demonstrated the quality of the rabbit anti-IPNV serum. The results of ELISA agreed well with those of virological examinations. The potential of ELISA for investigations of a large series of field samples is discussed.  相似文献   

Spatial Response of Mammals to Late Quaternary Environmental Fluctuations     

RW Graham  EL Lundelius  MA Graham  EK Schroeder  RS Toomey  E Anderson  AD Barnosky  JA Burns  CS Churcher  DK Grayson  RD Guthrie  CR Harington  GT Jefferson  LD Martin  HG McDonald  RE Morlan  HA Semken  SD Webb  L Werdelin  MC Wilson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,272(5268):1601-1606

Analyses of fossil mammal faunas from 2945 localities in the United States demonstrate that the geographic ranges of individual species shifted at different times, in different directions, and at different rates in response to late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. The geographic pattern of faunal provinces was similar for the late Pleistocene and late Holocene, but differing environmental gradients resulted in dissimilar species composition for these biogeographic regions. Modern community patterns emerged only in the last few thousand years, and many late Pleistocene communities do not have modern analogs. Faunal heterogeneity was greater in the late Pleistocene.  相似文献