Mummified fruit as a source of inoculum and disease dynamics of olive anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp     

Moral J  Trapero A 《Phytopathology》2012,102(10):982-989

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a destructive disease of olive fruit worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of agronomical and weather factors on inoculum production using detached olive fruit and on the development of epidemics in the field. The pathogen produced very large numbers of conidia on rotted (>1.87 × 10(8) conidia/fruit) or mummified (>2.16 × 10(4) conidia/fruit) fruit under optimal conditions. On mummified fruit, conidial production was highest on mummies incubated at 20 to 25°C and 96 h of wetness. Repeated washings of mummies reduced conidial production until it was very low after five washings. When mummies were placed in the tree canopy, conidial production was not reduced after 6 months (May to October); but, when they were held on the soil or buried in the soil, conidial production comparatively decreased up to 10,000 times. Anthracnose epidemics on susceptible 'Hojiblanca' and 'Picudo' during three seasons (2005-08) were influenced by rainfall, temperature, and fruit ripening, and had three main phases: the latent period (May to October); the onset of the epidemic, which coincided with the beginning of fruit ripening (early November); and disease development, which was predicted by the Weibull model (November to March). No epidemics developed on the susceptible cultivars during the driest season (2007-08) or on the resistant 'Picual' olive during any of the three seasons. These results provide the basis for a forecasting system of olive anthracnose which could greatly improve the management of this disease.  相似文献   

Resistance reaction to powdery mildew (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Erysiphe pisi</Emphasis>) in a germplasm collection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lathyrus cicera</Emphasis> from Iberian origin     

M. C. Vaz Patto  M. Fernández-Aparicio  A. Moral  D. Rubiales 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(7):1517-1521

Several Lathyrus species have a considerable potential as alternative pulses in sustainable dryland farming systems mainly due to their high tolerance to drought and disease resistance. Powdery mildew is a serious disease affecting several Lathyrus species. Little is known on the availability of resistance and the underlying resistance mechanisms against powdery mildew in the Lathyrus genus. The present study assessed and characterized the resistance reaction to powdery mildew, Erysiphe pisi, in a collection of Iberian Lathyrus cicera accessions. In general, a compatible reaction with no macroscopically visible necrosis was observed but accessions with reduced disease severity despite of a high infection type have also been identified. This Partial Resistance was in some accessions only expressed in the adult plant stage. The controlling genes of the Lathyrus resistance mechanisms can be of great interest not only for the Lathyrus improvement per se but also for related legume species, like field pea.  相似文献   

Characterization of monilia disease caused by Monilinia linhartiana on quince in southern Spain     

J. Moral  C. Muñoz‐Díez  D. Cabello  O. Arquero  M. Lovera  M. J. Benítez  A. Trapero 《Plant pathology》2011,60(6):1128-1139

This study elucidates the aetiology and epidemiology of monilia disease of quince caused by the fungus Monilinia linhartiana in Spain. Disease incidence and the dynamics of apothecial development and ascospore discharge were quantified and the pathogen was characterized using morphological and molecular methods. The pathogen did not produce conidia or apothecia on agar media but produced conidia on leaves showing symptoms and apothecia on mummified young quince fruit. Monilinia linhartiana was not pathogenic on ripe quince fruit but was readily isolated from developing, mummified fruit (pseudosclerotia). Phylogenetic analysis based on 5·8S‐ITS region sequences placed M. linhartiana in the Disjuntoriae section of Monilinia species infecting rosaceous hosts. Studies during 2004–2008 in four commercial orchards in southern Spain determined two major infection periods for the disease. The first coincided with the unfolding of the first leaves and resulted in leaf blotch and shoot blight. The second coincided with flowering and led to mummification of developing young fruit. Foliar infection was apparently initiated by airborne ascospores produced on pseudosclerotia that overwintered on the soil surface, while flower infection was probably initiated by conidia produced on leaf lesions. Incidence of diseased shoots ranged from 1 to 91% and was correlated with calculated inoculum potential, based on the density and maturity of apothecia formed on pseudosclerotia. This epidemiological study has made it possible to characterize the life cycle of monilia disease on quince in southern Spain, which will help the development of new control strategies.  相似文献   

Resistance of Hordeum chilense against loose smuts of wheat and barley (Ustilago tritici and U. nuda) and its expression in amphiploids with wheat     

D. Rubiales  A. Moral 《Plant Breeding》2011,130(1):101-103

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Inheritance of increased seed tocopherol content in sunflower line IAST‐413     

L. Del Moral  B. Pérez‐Vich  J. M. Fernández‐Martínez  L. Velasco 《Plant Breeding》2011,130(5):540-543

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Cadmium accumulation and distribution in cucumber plant     

J. Moreno‐Caselles  R. Moral  A. Pérez‐Espinosa  M. D. Pérez‐Murcia 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):243-250

An experiment developed in soilless culture was used to study the cadmium (Cd) accumulation, and distribution of Cd in cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. peonero‐mixfl) plant. Four treatments were established (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg Cd⁺² L^‐1). Uptake, and transport of Cd were increased with time, and Cd concentration in the nutrient solution. Fruit accumulation of Cd varied from 16 to 92 mg kg^‐1 depending on the treatments. The fresh weight, and dry matter accumulation of cucumber plant organs (roots, stem, leaves, and fruits) was affected by cadmium treatment. A decrease of the total, a, and b chlorophyll increasing Cd concentration in nutrient solution, and time of experiment were observed. The incidence of this metal on the content of chlorophyll b seem to be faster than chlorophyll a. Cucumber plant could be a feasible plant for pollution experiments due to their high sensibility, and transport efficiency.  相似文献   

Salinity and nitrogen fertilization affecting the macronutrient content and yield of sweet pepper plants     

I. Gómez  J. Navarro Pedreño  R. Moral  Ma. R. Iborra  G. Palacios  J. Mataix 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):353-359

The effects of salinity due to sodium chloride (NaCl) and nitrogen (N) concentration in the nutrient solution were studied with sweet pepper plants. Four saline treatments combined with two N fertilization were used. Nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃ ^‐‐N) presence in the nutrient solution produced an increase of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) contents in leaves as well as N. Salinity promoted a reduction of K, phosphorus (P) and Ca and increased the Na concentration in leaves. Calcium (Ca) concentrations were lower in the higher NO₃ ^‐‐N treatment although N level was reached adding calcium nitrate and salinity increased P, K, Na, Ca, and magnesium (Mg) contents in fruits. Yield was increased in the highest N treatment.  相似文献   

Effect of increased cobalt treatments on cobalt concentration and growth of tomato plants     

J. Moreno‐Caselles  A. Pérez‐Espinosa  M. D. Pérez‐Murcia  R. Moral  I. Gómez 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(7-8):805-811

An experiment developed in soilless culture was used to study the effect of several levels of Co²⁺ (0, 5, 15, and 30 mg L^‐1 ) on the growth of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum M. cv. Ramy). Absorption, transport, and accumulation of this metal in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits were also studied. Uptake was increased by application of this metal concentration in the nutrient solution, efficiency of root uptake of cobalt decreased with increased Co²⁺ treatment in the soilless culture system. The translocation of Co²⁺ from roots to aerial vegetative parts was increased with the time of experiment and Co²⁺ concentration in the nutrient solution. The presence of this metal in nutrient solution reduced tomato leaf production and elongation, specially at higher treatments.  相似文献   

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Calcareous and Non-Calcareous Soils in Spain   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. Moral  R. J. Gilkes  M. M. JordÁn 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,162(1-4):127-142

The distribution of chemical forms of Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Ag, Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn in eight contaminated soils from Spain was studied using a sequential extraction procedure that fractionates the metal into soluble-exchangeable, specifically sorbed-carbonate bound, oxidizable, reducible and residual forms. SEM and EDXA analysis was used to analyse the soil matrix to determine the distribution of heavy metals. The residual, reducible and carbonate-sorbed forms were dominant. Metals were generally dispersed throughout the soil matrix and could not be located by SEM-EDXA.  相似文献   

Protein and lysine content, grain yield, and other technological traits in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions     

Rharrabti Y  Elhani S  Martos-Núñez V  García Del Moral LF 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(8):3802-3807

A major problem for durum wheat production in the Mediterranean region is yield fluctuation. This fluctuation is a result of year-to-year variation in precipitation and heat stress during grain growth, which is typical of the Mediterranean climate. Both yield stability and good quality are needed in adapted durum wheat ideotypes. Ten durum wheat cultivars differing in drought resistance were grown during 1998, under both rainfed and irrigated conditions, at three sites in southern Spain. The main traits studied were protein and lysine content, grain yield, test weight, SDS sedimentation, semolina color, and grain vitreousness. Results show a high influence of site on all traits. Only test weight (TW), SDS sedimentation, grain vitreousness, and protein per kernel appeared to be determined also by cultivar effect. Vitreousness was positively correlated with TW (r = 0.48**) and semolina color (r = 0.46**). An inverse relationship was found between grain yield and protein content. Regression of cultivar mean values of protein content and grain yield showed a negative correlation (r = -0.72***), probably due to dilution of protein by non-nitrogen compounds and reduced starch accumulation in the grain under drought conditions. Lysine content was negatively associated with protein content (r = -0.86***), indicating the difficulty of a simultaneous breeding for both characteristics.  相似文献