Effect of furnish type and high-density raw material from mill residues on properties of particleboard panels     

Muhammad Navis Rofii  Satomi Yumigeta  Yoichi Kojima  Shigehiko Suzuki 《Journal of Wood Science》2013,59(5):402-409

The purposes of this study were to examine the use of furniture mill residues containing high-density raw materials in particleboard production and to evaluate the effect of mixing several types of furnish on board performance. Wood wastes collected from the furniture industry in Japan containing matoa (Pometia pinnata), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) with different particle shapes were prepared as raw materials for use in the manufacture of experimental particleboards. Seven board types and three mixed boards were manufactured with three replications. Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) resin was applied at 6 % content in mat preparation. The pressing conditions were temperature of 180 °C, initial pressure of 3 MPa, and pressing time of 5 min. The target density was 0.72 g/cm³. This study showed that matoa particleboard had properties suitable for use in interior applications, although its properties were considered inferior compared with other particleboards. Improvement of matoa particleboard could be achieved by mixing with higher quality wood particles such as those from sugi or Douglas-fir. The furnish type used in this study affected board performance. All residues from furniture mills have the potential to be used for particleboard production, even when they contain different furnish types and wood species.  相似文献   

Application of the CSM-CERES-Rice model for evaluation of plant density and irrigation management of transplanted rice for an irrigated semiarid environment     

Shakeel Ahmad  Ashfaq Ahmad  Hakoomat Ali  Abid Hussain  Axel Garcia y Garcia  Muhammad Azam Khan  Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq  Mirza Hasanuzzaman  Gerrit Hoogenboom 《Irrigation Science》2013,31(3):491-506

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the Cropping System Model (CSM)-CERES (Crop-Environment Resource Synthesis)-Rice for simulating growth and yield of rice under irrigated conditions for a semiarid environment in Pakistan and to determine the impact of plant density and irrigation regime on grain yield and economic returns. The crop simulation model was evaluated with experimental data collected in 2000 and 2001 in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design with three replications and included three plant densities (one seedling hill^?1, PD₁; two seedlings hill^?1, PD₂; and three seedlings hill^?1, PD₃) and five irrigation regimes (625 mm, I₁; 775 mm, I₂; 925 mm, I₃; 1075 mm, I₄; and 1225 mm, I₅). To determine the most appropriate combination of plant densities and irrigation regimes, four plant densities from one seedling hill^?1 to four seedlings hill^?1 and 17 irrigation regimes ranging from 0 to 1600 mm, for a total of 68 different scenarios, were simulated for 35 years of historical daily weather data. The evaluation of CSM-CERES-Rice showed that the model was able to accurately simulate growth and yield of rice for irrigated semiarid conditions, with an average error of 11% between simulated and observed grain yield. The results of the biophysical analysis showed that the combination of the two seedlings hill^?1 plant density and the 1,300 mm irrigation regime produced the highest yield compared to all other scenarios. Furthermore, the economic analysis through the Mean-Gini Dominance (MGD) also showed the superiority of this treatment compared to the other treatment combinations. The mean monetary return ranged from ?47 to 1,265 $ ha^?1 among all 68 scenarios. However, to be able to furnish the demand of rice grain for local consumption and to increase export, there is a need to expand this technology among the rice growers of other rice producing areas in Pakistan through extension workers.  相似文献   

Molecular basis of Iron Biofortification in crop plants; A step towards sustainability     

Attiq ur Rehman  Sara Masood  Naqib Ullah Khan  Muhammad Ejaz Abbasi  Zawar Hussain  Ihtisham Ali 《Plant Breeding》2021,140(1):12-22

Iron is one of the most important micronutrients for crop plants due to its use in important physiological processes such as photosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration, metal homeostasis, and chlorophyll synthesis. Crop plants have adapted different strategies for uptake, transport, accumulation, and storage of iron in tissues and organs which later can be consumed by humans. Estimates indicate that about 2 billion people (33% of human population) are at risk of iron deficiency in which infants, children, and pregnant women are potentially compromised. Biofortification refers to the increase in concentration of micronutrients in edible parts of plants and understanding the pathways for iron accumulation in plants is necessary for breeding iron‐enriched crops. Iron‐biofortified crops are also one of the key factors in achieving multiple United Nations Sustainable Development goals. This review article covers different strategies of iron acquisition and transport in plants, its bioavailability, coping with the iron deficiency as a global perspective, the current status of iron biofortification, and how breeding future biofortified crops could be helpful in combating the said issue in a sustainable manner.  相似文献   

Establishment of full-sib families in Shorea platyclados using paternity analysis: an alternative to controlled pollination     

Chin-Hong Ng  Soon-Leong Lee  Kevin Kit-Siong Ng  Chai-Ting Lee  Norwati Muhammad 《Journal of Forest Research》2012,17(6):479-487

Full-sib families are produced from artificially controlled pollination in tree breeding. This mating design is, however, very costly and logistically difficult as most tree species are large in size. With the development of molecular markers, known relationships among the offspring could be established from the maximum likelihood in paternity analysis. In this study, we successfully established full-sib families on the basis of paternity analysis of offspring derived from two Shorea platyclados seed parents from the natural forest. A total of 2,049 and 970 offspring were collected from two mother trees M01 and M06, respectively. Potential pollen donors surrounding the mother trees were sampled, specifically a total of 77 adult trees within the 10-ha plot for M01 and 28 adult trees within the 4-ha plot for M06. For mother tree M01, parentage was assigned to 45.4% of the offspring at the 95% confidence level with 59 full-sib families established. For mother tree M06, parentage was assigned to 19.9% of the offspring at the 95% confidence level with 19 full-sib families established. The establishment of full-sib families in S. platyclados enables breeding in dipterocarp tree species, once a decade-long proposition, to become more efficient in a cost-saving manner.  相似文献   

Comparison of phenotypic versus marker-assisted background selection for the SUB1 QTL during backcrossing in rice     

Khandakar M. Iftekharuddaula  Muhammad A. Salam  Muhammad A. Newaz  Helal U. Ahmed  Bertrand C. Y. Collard  Endang M. Septiningsih  Darlene L. Sanchez  Alvaro M. Pamplona  David J. Mackill 《Breeding Science》2012,62(3):216-222

Marker assisted backcrossing has been used effectively to transfer the submergence tolerance gene SUB1 into popular rice varieties, but the approach can be costly. The selection strategy comprising foreground marker and phenotypic selection was investigated as an alternative. The non-significant correlation coefficients between ranking of phenotypic selection and ranking of background marker selection in BC₂F₁, BC₃F₁ and BC₃F₂ generations indicated inefficiency of phenotypic selection compared to marker-assisted background selection with respect to recovery of the recipient genome. In addition, the introgression size of the chromosome fragment containing SUB1 was approximately 17 Mb, showing the effects of linkage drag. The significant correlation coefficient between rankings of phenotypic selection with the percentage of recipient alleles in the BC₁F₁ generation suggested that background selection could be avoided in this generation to minimize the genotyping cost. The phenotypically selected best plant of the BC₃F₁ generation was selfed and backcross recombinant lines were selected in the resulting BC₃F₄ generation. The selection strategy could be appropriate for the introgression of SUB1 QTL in countries that lack access to high-throughput genotyping facilities.  相似文献   

In vitro callogenesis and detection of somaclonal variations in Plantago ovata L.     

Tariq Mahmood  Aysha Jameel  Bilal Haider Abbasi  Faiza Munir  Syed Muhammad Saqlan Naqvi 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2012,15(4):289-295

Planago ovata L. is an economically important species in the monotypic genus Plantago. It is a short-stemmed annual herb. The seed husk of this plant is commonly called psyllium or isabgol which is important in pharmaceutical formulation and food industry. In this study, callus induction was optimized using different explants of Plantago ovata. Callus DNA was utilized to access the somaclonal variations using the Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The maximum callus growth was observed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 4 mg L^?1 2,4-D concentration for shoots, 0.5 mg L^?1 for seeds and 2 mg L^?1 for roots. Moreover, the effect of culture age was considered in assessing genetic variability. Maximum genetic variability was observed in the DNA samples of callus at the concentration of 2 mg L^?1 2,4-D for all explants (roots, shoots, and seeds). Cluster analysis was performed based on 1) similarity coefficient between samples and 2) molecular data using the Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System (NTSYS) PC version 2.01; similarity index was generated by similarity for Quantitative Data (SIMQUAL). Our study indicated that Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs can successfully be used to explore polymorphism among callus samples at different hormonal concentrations. This study can be useful for the production of callus from Plantago ovata and estimation of genetic variations due to tissue culture conditions. Evaluation of genetic variations can display novel features and manipulate genetic bottlenecks in Plantago ovata. New genetic variations in somaclones can bring vital insight for plant improvement.  相似文献   

The low down on association mapping in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)     

Muhammad Sajjad  Sultan Habibullah Khan  Abdul Mujeeb Kazi 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2012,15(3):147-158

The past few decades have witnessed hundreds of family-based linkage studies mapping for numerous traits but only a limited number of QTLs were actually cloned, tagged, or used for marker-assisted selection. Although providing valuable information, this conventional approach cannot be scaled up to underpin the incredible amount of phenotypic variation in the form of 266, 589 hexaploid wheat accessions maintained in public germplasm collections. Association mapping has recently emerged as an alternative and more powerful mapping approach where a natural population is surveyed to determine marker-trait associations using linkage disequilibrium (LD). After its first application for milling quality in 2006, association mapping studies in hexaploid wheat are being extended to tag yield traits, protein quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Advances in genotyping technology and statistical approaches greatly accelerated the shift from conventional linkage-based mapping to LD-based association mapping. Association mapping stands out because of simultaneous utilization of a large number of ex situ-conserved natural variation due to historical recombination events accumulated over centuries.  相似文献   

Estrus response and follicular development in Boer does synchronized with flugestone acetate and PGF2α or their combination with eCG or FSH     

Bukar MM  Yusoff R  Haron AW  Dhaliwal GK  Goriman Khan MA  Omar MA 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(7):1505-1511

The effects of different estrus synchronization techniques on follicular development and estrus response were studied in 81 nulliparous Boer does. The does were divided into nine groups. Eight of the nine groups were synchronized with prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF(2α)) or flugestone acetate (FGA) or their combinations, and the ninth group was a control group. In addition to the above combinations, four of the eight synchronized groups were given 5?mg follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the remaining four groups were administered 300?IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG). Posttreatment follicular development was monitored until ovulation occurred using a real-time B-mode ultrasound scanner (Aloka, 500 SSD, Japan), with a 7.5-MHz transrectal linear probe. All the does from the synchronized groups that were given eCG exhibited oestrus while only 88.9% of the does synchronized with FSH showed estrus. The estrus response was observed to be the least among the does synchronized with PGF(2α) + FSH (33.3%) combination followed closely by the FGA + FSH (42.9%) combinations. It was observed that the combinations of FGA + PGF(2α) + FSH resulted in increased percentage of estrus response, duration of estrus, and ovulation. The number of follicles was higher (P?相似文献   

Expression dynamics of Toll-like receptors mRNA and cytokines in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide     

Uddin MJ  Nuro-Gyina PK  Islam MA  Tesfaye D  Tholen E  Looft C  Schellander K  Cinar MU 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,147(3-4):211-222

The Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 is critical for the recognition of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) it may cooperate with other TLRs and lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we analyzed TLR1-10 mRNA expression in porcine PBMCs stimulated with LPS over time (1-48 h) by using quantitative real-time PCR and cytokine proteins level by ELISA in culture supernatant. TLR1-10 mRNA was detectable in porcine PBMCs. When compared with the control (non-stimulated), TLR1 mRNA were increased (p<0.05) at 3 h after challenge with 1 μg/ml LPS, whereas TLR1 and TLR2 mRNA were increased (p<0.01) at 6 h after challenge with 10 μg/ml LPS. TLR4 increased (p<0.001) at 3h after challenge with LPS and remained constant. TLR5 and TLR6 mRNA increased (p<0.05) at 9 h and 1 h after of LPS stimulation, respectively. The mRNA of CD14 and MD2 were increased (p<0.001) at 1h after LPS stimulation. Additionally, at most of the time analyzed, the mRNA expression increased with the dose of LPS. The LPS concentration had influence (p<0.05) on all the TLRs expression except TLR10; whereas time had effect (p<0.05) on all TLRs expression except TLR2, 3, 6 and 10. When compared to the control, the cytokines IL1b, IL8 and TNFα proteins were increased (p<0.001) immediately at 1 h after LPS stimulation and remained constant till 48 h. IL12b was increased (p<0.001) 12 h after challenge with 10 μg/ml of LPS. Although IL8 level was the highest, the higher (p<0.05) expression of all these inflammatory cytokines indicate that upon interacting with TLRs, LPS exerted inflammatory response in PBMCs through the production of Th1 type cytokines. The production of cytokines was influenced (p<0.001) by both the dose of LPS and the stimulation time. Hence, the porcine PBMCs are likely able to express all members of TLRs.  相似文献   

Characterization of pilP, a gene required for twitching motility, pathogenicity, and biofilm formation of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae RS-1     

He Liu  Wen-Xiao Tian  Muhammad Ibrahim  Bin Li  Guo-Qing Zhang  Bo Zhu  Guan-Lin Xie 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,134(3):551-560

The Gram-negative bacterium Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae is the causal agent of bacterial brown stripe (BBS), which can cause severe diseases in many plants, including rice, with huge economic importance. Type IV pili (TFP) are hair-like appendages involved in several bacterial activities such as bacterial surface motility, surface adherence, colonization, biofilm formation, and virulence. The aim of our study is to characterize the association of A. avenae subsp. avenae TFP with BBS in rice. We generated a transposon (Tn5) mutant library. Then, an insertional mutagenesis on the background of this bacterium was identified as reduced pathogenicity. The confirmed inserted genetic region was into gene pilP, which encodes a TFP assembly protein. The pilP-deficient mutant strain seriously affected the motility twitching ability, biofilm formation and virulence. Collectively, our results clearly indicated that the pilP gene and TFP in A. avenae subsp. avenae play a key role in plant pathogenicity, twitching motility, and biofilm formation.  相似文献