Microenzymatic Evaluation of Oat (Avena sativa L.) β‐Glucan for High‐Throughput Phenotyping     

Mark A. Newell  Hyun Jung Kim  Franco G. Asoro  Adrienne Moran Lauter  Pamela J. White  M. Paul Scott  Jean‐Luc Jannink 《Cereal Chemistry》2014,91(2):183-188

Oats (Avena sativa L.) have received significant attention for their positive and consistent health benefits when consumed as a whole grain food, attributed in part to mixed‐linkage (1‐3,1‐4)‐β‐d ‐glucan (referred to as β‐glucan). Unfortunately, the standard enzymatic method of measurement for oat β‐glucan is costly and does not provide the high‐throughput capability needed for plant breeding in which thousands of samples are measured over a short period of time. The objective of this research was to test a microenzymatic approach for high‐throughput phenotyping of oat β‐glucan. Fifty North American elite lines were chosen to span the range of possible values encountered in elite oats. Pearson and Spearman correlations (r) ranged from 0.81 to 0.86 between the two methods. Although the microenzymatic method did contain bias compared with the results for the standard streamlined method, this bias did not substantially decrease its ability to determine β‐glucan content. In addition to a substantial decrease in cost, the microenzymatic approach took as little as 6% of the time compared with the streamlined method. Therefore, the microenzymatic method for β‐glucan evaluation is an alternative method that can enhance high‐throughput phenotyping in oat breeding programs.  相似文献   

Independent and parallel recruitment of preexisting mechanisms underlying C₄ photosynthesis     

Brown NJ  Newell CA  Stanley S  Chen JE  Perrin AJ  Kajala K  Hibberd JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6023):1436-1439

C? photosynthesis allows increased photosynthetic efficiency because carbon dioxide (CO?) is concentrated around the key enzyme RuBisCO. Leaves of C? plants exhibit modified biochemistry, cell biology, and leaf development, but despite this complexity, C? photosynthesis has evolved independently in at least 45 lineages of plants. We found that two independent lineages of C? plant, whose last common ancestor predates the divergence of monocotyledons and dicotyledons about 180 million years ago, show conserved mechanisms controlling the expression of genes important for release of CO(2) around RuBisCO in bundle sheath (BS) cells. Orthologous genes from monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous C? species also contained conserved regulatory elements that conferred BS specificity when placed into C? species. We conclude that these conserved functional genetic elements likely facilitated the repeated evolution of C? photosynthesis.  相似文献   

North Carolina glacier: evidence disputed     

McKeon JB  Hack JT  Newell WL  Berkland JO  Raymond LA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,184(4132):88-91

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IGY Conference in Moscow: Reports on the organizational setup and on the Soviet presentation of their rocket and satellite work     

Newell HE  Townsend JW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1959,129(3341):79-84

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A neural basis for general intelligence     

Duncan J  Seitz RJ  Kolodny J  Bor D  Herzog H  Ahmed A  Newell FN  Emslie H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5478):457-460

Universal positive correlations between different cognitive tests motivate the concept of "general intelligence" or Spearman's g. Here the neural basis for g is investigated by means of positron emission tomography. Spatial, verbal, and perceptuo-motor tasks with high-g involvement are compared with matched low-g control tasks. In contrast to the common view that g reflects a broad sample of major cognitive functions, high-g tasks do not show diffuse recruitment of multiple brain regions. Instead they are associated with selective recruitment of lateral frontal cortex in one or both hemispheres. Despite very different task content in the three high-g-low-g contrasts, lateral frontal recruitment is markedly similar in each case. Many previous experiments have shown these same frontal regions to be recruited by a broad range of different cognitive demands. The results suggest that "general intelligence" derives from a specific frontal system important in the control of diverse forms of behavior.  相似文献   

Miniaturization of tuning forks     

Newell WE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,161(3848):1320-1326

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COUNT RUMFORD--SCIENTIST AND PHILANTHROPIST     

Newell LC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1928,68(1752):67-73

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Use of fetal skeletal mineralization for prediction of parturition date in cats     

Haney DR  Levy JK  Newell SM  Graham JP  Gorman SP 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2003,223(11):1614-1616

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between parturition date and fetal skeletal mineralization detected radiographically in cats. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 31 queens and their 49 pregnancies. PROCEDURE: Seventeen pregnant queens were radiographed with a computed radiography system every 2 to 3 days from 1 week after pregnancy was identified by abdominal palpation until parturition. Radiographs were evaluated to determine the first identifiable mineralization of 16 bony structures and teeth during each pregnancy. This information was used to establish a table of expected parturition dates on the basis of fetal mineralization. Single radiographs from an additional 32 pregnant cats were evaluated, and predictions of parturition dates were made on the basis of the mineralization table. RESULTS: Mineralization was first detected 25 to 29 days prior to parturition (dpp). Mineralization was determined for the spinal column (22 to 27 dpp), skull (21 to 27 dpp), ribs (20 to 25 dpp), scapula (17 to 24 dpp), humerus (20 to 24 dpp), femur (19 to 23 dpp), radius (15 to 22 dpp), tibia (15 to 21 dpp), ulna (5 to 21 dpp), pelvis (8 to 20 dpp), fibula (0 to 17 dpp), tail (8 to 16 dpp), metacarpals and metatarsals (3 to 14 dpp), phalanges (0 to 11 dpp), calcaneus (0 to 10 dpp), and teeth (1 to 6 dpp). Date of parturition was predictable within 3 days in 75% of cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Identification of bony structures in the fetus is useful in estimating the time to parturition in queens.  相似文献   

What is your diagnosis? An aggressive bony lesion in the left ilium and severe degenerative changes in the right coxal joint and lumbosacral disk space     

Randell SC  Lewis DD  Newell SM  Uhl EW  Sirninger JR 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1999,214(3):331-332

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The carry-over of Campylobacter isolates between sequential poultry flocks     

Shreeve JE  Toszeghy M  Ridley A  Newell DG 《Avian diseases》2002,46(2):378-385

The carry-over of Campylobacter strains from one flock to a subsequent flock in the same broiler house has been studied using molecular epidemiological techniques. In all, 524 Campylobacter strains, isolated from two sequential broiler flocks from 60 broiler houses, were typed by restriction fragment polymorphism of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of the flaA and flaB genes (fla typing). Selected strains were also typed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). By fla typing, 15 (21%) of the 60 houses with Campylobacter-positive sequential flocks had identical genotypes. In 10 (16% overall) of these houses the strains were also identical by PFGE. The difference in PFGE patterns in the strains from the three remaining houses may be indicative of genetic instability. Overall, these results suggest that carry-over from one flock to a subsequent flock in the same house is a relatively infrequent event and, therefore, that routine broiler house cleansing and/or disinfection is largely adequate to eliminate Campylobacter contamination. An alternative explanation of the low level carry-over is a persistent source or reservoir, external to the environment of the broiler houses.  相似文献