Microwave pretreatment: A clean and dry method for palm oil production     

S.F. Cheng  Mohd Nor L.C.H. Chuah 《Industrial Crops and Products》2011,34(1):967-971

The present study shows that microwave pretreatment coupled with solvent extraction is a clean and dry process for the production of crude palm oil (CPO). The results indicate that palm fruits microwave heated for 3 min achieved oil yield comparable to the conventional and commercial palm oil milling process with an average of 20%. Fatty acid composition (FAC) of the CPO produced shows an increment in lauric acid (C12:0) as the duration of microwave exposure increases. Due to the absence of wet-heat treatment or sterilization process, the resultant palm oil also exhibits desirable and very low free fatty acid (FFA) (0.26%) and moisture content (0.05%). The current approach has also provided surprisingly high vitamin E and carotenes content. The highest concentration of vitamin E (2345 ppm) and carotene content (1585 ppm) was recorded for palm fruits subjected to microwave for 2 min. It shows that under the investigated conditions in the present study, the quality of CPO produced using microwave treatment coupled with hexane extraction possesses superior qualities compared to the conventional palm oil milling process.  相似文献   

Genetic parameters for survival during the grow‐out period in the GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and correlated response to selection for harvest weight          下载免费PDF全文

Azhar Hamzah  Wagdy Mekkawy  Hooi Ling Khaw  Nguyen Hong Nguyen  Hoong Yip Yee  Khairul Rizal Abu Bakar  Siti Azizah Mohd Nor  Raul W Ponzoni 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(1):47-55

The aims of this study were the estimation of genetic parameters for survival rate from tagging until harvest and the evaluation of the correlated response in survival rate to selection for harvest weight in the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) strain. The heritability for survival rate was low (0.038), and so was its genetic correlation with harvest weight (0.065), suggesting that selecting for the latter trait would have had no effect on survival. The calculation of the probability of survival by spawning season and line, fitting a model that included the random effects of individual animal and common environment, confirmed this prediction. There were very small and variable between line differences in the probability of survival, which generally favoured the selection line. We conclude that the focus of the GIFT programme on improving harvest weight was not detrimental to the survival of the fish during the grow‐out phase.  相似文献   

Improvement of growth and antioxidant status in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,fed diets supplemented with mushroom stalk waste hot water extract          下载免费PDF全文

Mostak Ahmed  Noorlidah Abdullah  Hanan Mohd Yusof  Adawiyah Suriza Shuib  Shaharudin Abdul Razak 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(3):1146-1157

Mushroom stalk waste (MSW) generated from the oyster mushroom industry is drastically increasing and safe disposal of MSW is becoming a critical issue worldwide. Mushrooms are an established, excellent source of nutraceuticals and antioxidants, and therefore MSW may confer similar effects when consumed. The severe deterioration of aquatic habitat may compromise the homoeostasis of antioxidative metabolism of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, which resulted in a reduced total production. Based on this paradigm, hot water extracts (HWE, 2‐ and 5‐h) of MSW were evaluated as a supplement in fish feed and determined the effect on growth performance and the antioxidant status of Nile tilapia, O. niloticus, in vivo. The HWE 5‐h contained significantly higher amounts of nutrient and β‐glucan than HWE 2‐h (P < 0.05). Four standardized in vitro antioxidant assays showed that HWE 5‐h was a better antioxidant agent than HWE 2‐h (P < 0.05). Tilapia fingerlings fed 5 g kg^?1 HWE supplemented feed produced better (P < 0.05) growth and higher antioxidant enzyme activities than 10 g kg^?1 HWE, CD and BD. Thus, HWE of MSW included at 5 g kg^?1 may be beneficial to tilapia farming and may also provide a way of disposing the waste created by mushroom farming.  相似文献   

Efficacy of bath vaccination with a live attenuated Vibrio harveyi against vibriosis in Asian seabass fingerling,Lates calcarifer     

Yong Kit Chin  Nurhidayu Al‐saari  Zarirah Zulperi  Aslizah Mohd‐Aris  Annas Salleh  Santha Silvaraj  Aslah Mohamad  JingYie Lee  Mohd Zamri-Saad  Md Yasin Ina-Salwany 《Aquaculture Research》2020,51(1):389-399

Vibrio harveyi causes vibriosis in various marine aquaculture fish species, especially when they are young. The infection subsequently leads to significant economic losses for aquaculture farms. Vaccination is recommended to control this disease. This study describes the efficacy of a live attenuated V. harveyi strain MVh_vhs (LAVh) as a vaccine candidate in controlling infection by wild‐type V. harveyi (WTVh) in Lates calcarifer. A total of 240 fingerlings were divided into four groups. Group 1 was not vaccinated and was not challenged, Group 2 was vaccinated with a formalin‐killed V. harveyi (FKVh), Group 3 was vaccinated with the LAVh before challenge and Group 4 was not vaccinated and was challenged. Bath vaccination was employed for one hour before the LAVh distribution was determined in the fish mucus, gill, liver, gut, kidney and spleen. The gills, livers, kidneys and skins were also sampled for gene expression analysis. To challenge the fish, skin abrasion was conducted before the fish were challenged by immersion with WTVh. The results revealed an extensive distribution of the LAVh in the liver and kidneys of the fish in Group 3 for the first 12 hr, resulting in mild lesions compared with Group 1. Similarly, there were significantly (p < .05) higher expressions of the Chemokine ligand 4 and major histocompatibility complex I genes in the skin and liver of the fish in Group 3 in comparison with other groups. Vaccination with LAVh resulted in a significantly high rate of survival (68%) of the fingerlings after being challenged with WTVh.  相似文献   

Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilussupplementation on growth performances,digestive enzyme activities and gut histomorphology of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmusSauvage, 1878) juveniles     

Mst. Nahid Akter  Roshada Hashim  Amalia Sutriana  Mohd Nor Siti Azizah  Md. Asaduzzaman 《Aquaculture Research》2019,50(3):786-797

The influence of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus, on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, gut histomorphology and gut microflora were evaluated in juveniles striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Five experimental diets were formulated by supplementing 0, 10³, 10⁵, 10⁷ and 10⁹ CFU/g L. acidophilus in fishmeal and casein‐based semi‐purified diet. Triplicate groups of striped catfish (21.69 ± 0.18 g) were stocked in 15 fiberglass tanks with stocking density of 25 individuals per tank and fed twice daily at 2.5% of the fish body weight for 12 weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and the protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher in fish fed with 10⁵ and 10⁷CFU/g L. acidophilussupplemented diets compared with the other treatment groups. Compared with the control and fish fed low (10³ CFU/g) L. acidophilus supplementation, those fed with 10⁵ and 10⁷ CFU/g had significantly higher (p < 0.05) apparent protein digestibility. Inclusion of L. acidophilus at 10⁷ CFU/g diet significantly increased amylase, protease and lipase activities. Microscopic analysis showed that the villi length in both the anterior and posterior gut and microvilli length in the posterior gut increased significantly in fish fed L. acidophilus supplementation at 10⁵ and 10⁷ CFU/g of diet. The fish fed L. acidophilus supplemented diets significantly increased the total lactic acid bacteria counts in the gut of striped catfish compared with the control‐fed group. Based on gut histomorphology and growth performance, inclusion of L. acidophilus at 10⁵ CFU/g appears to have the most positive effect on striped catfish farming.  相似文献   

Breeding of high yielding and dwarf oil palm planting materials using Deli <Emphasis Type="Italic">dura</Emphasis> × Nigerian <Emphasis Type="Italic">pisifera</Emphasis> population     

Ibrahim Wasiu Arolu  Mohd Y. Rafii  Marhalil Marjuni  Mohamed M. Hanafi  Zulkefly Sulaiman  Harun A. Rahim  Mohd Isa Zainol Abidin  Mohd Din Amiruddin  Ahmad Kushairi Din  Rajanaidu Nookiah 《Euphytica》2017,213(7):154

In practice, progeny and individual palm selection are believed to be the most suitable breeding approach for improvement of quantitative traits in oil palm because their phenotypic expressions are strongly influenced by abiotic factors. Therefore progeny selection approach was applied in this study for the selection of high fresh fruit bunch (FFB) and dwarf oil palm planting materials. Cross between Deli dura and Nigerian pisifera resulted into 34 D × P full sib progenies with 1036 seedlings. For six consecutive years, data were collected on yield and yield component traits, while vegetative traits were recorded once. Bi-parental analysis was carried out using analysis of variance, followed by progenies mean comparison, variance components, heritabilities and cluster analysis. Highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) progeny effect was recorded in this study and this had a pronounced effect on the expression of all the quantitative traits. Progenies performance of FFB varied significantly and it ranged from 166.49 to 220.06 kg/palm/year (kg/p/yr) with trial mean of 192.93 kg/p/yr. Palm height after 8 years of field planting ranged from 1.67 to 2.78 m (control cross) with trial mean of 2.12 m. Broad sense heritability (\({\text{h}}_{\text{B}}^{2}\)) was found to be very low (<17.60%) for all the yield traits, however this parameter was high for vegetative traits with palm height having \({\text{h}}_{\text{B}}^{2}\) of 90%. Cluster analysis based on all the quantitative traits grouped all the 34 DP progenies into nine distinct clusters. From this study, five progenies (DP3, DP4, DP5, DP8 and DP24) were identified to be high yielding and dwarf palms compare to trial mean. At density of 140 palm/ha, they will produce FFB of 28.63–30.81 t/ha and average of 29.69 t/ha which is about 27.15% higher in FFB when compared to the current planting material with FFB of 23.35 t/ha. In addition, the selected progenies possessed average annual palm increment of 29.82 cm/yr with range of 26 and 32.5 cm/yr which was 57.33% shorter than the current planting material with palm height increment of 45–75 cm/yr.  相似文献   

Performance of the Giant Reed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arundo donax</Emphasis>) in Experimental Wetlands Receiving Variable Loads of Industrial Stormwater     

Shaharah Mohd Idris  Paul L. Jones  Scott A Salzman  Graeme Allinson 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(2):549-557

Two emergent macrophytes, Arundo donax and Phragmites australis, were established in experimental subsurface flow, gravel-based constructed wetlands (CWs) and challenged by untreated stormwater collected from the hard-pan and other surfaces of a dairy processing factory in south-west Victoria, Australia. The hydraulic loading rate was tested at two levels, sequentially, 3.75 and 7.5 cm day⁻¹. Some of the monitored variables were removed more efficiently by the planted beds in comparison to unplanted CWs (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP); p < 0.007) but there was no significant difference between the A. donax and P. australis CWs in removal of BOD, suspended solids (SS) and TN (p > 0.007) at 3.75 cm day⁻¹ or SS and TN at 7.5 cm day⁻¹. At 3.75 cm day⁻¹, BOD, SS, TN and TP removal in the A. donax and P. australis CWs was 71%, 61%, 78% and 75% and 65%, 60%, 73% and 41%, respectively. Nutrient removal at 7.5 cm day⁻¹ in the A. donax and P. australis beds was 87%, 91%, 84% and 71% and 96%, 94%, 87% and 55%, respectively. As expected, the A. donax CWs produced considerably more biomass (10 ± 1.2 kg wet weight) than the P. australis CWs (2.7 ± 1.2 kg wet weight). This equates to approximately 107 and 36 tonnes ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ biomass (dry weight) for A. donax and P. australis, respectively (assuming 250 days of growing season and single-cut harvest). The performance similarity of the A. donax- and P. australis-planted CWs indicates that either may be used in HSSF wetlands treating dairy factory stormwater, although the planting of A. donax provides additional opportunities for secondary income streams through utilisation of the biomass produced.  相似文献   

Acceleration of Anthraquinone-Type Dye Removal by White-Rot Fungus Under Optimized Environmental Conditions     

Tony Hadibarata  Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff  Risky Ayu Kristanti 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(8):4669-4677

The decolorization of the recalcitrant dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) by the culture filtrate of Polyporus sp. S133 and the effect of various environmental factors were investigated. Both biodegradation and biosorption were playing an important role in bioremoval mechanisms. The highest biosorption of RBBR in Polyporus sp. S133 was shown by all carbon sources such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch. No biosorption was shown by the addition of aromatic compounds and metal ions; 97.1?% RBBR decolorization was achieved in 120-rpm culture for 96?h, as compared to 49.5?% decolorization in stationary culture. Increasing the shaking rotation of the culture to more than 120?rpm was proven to give a negative effect on decolorization. The highest production of laccase was shown at pH 4 and constantly decreases when the pH level increases. The addition of glucose, ammonium tartrate, Cu²⁺, and protocatechuic acid was the suitable environmental condition for RBBR decolorization. There was a positive relationship between all environmental conditions and laccase production in the decolorization of RBBR.  相似文献   

Economic valuation and conservation: Do people vote for better preservation of Shadegan International Wetland?     

Sara Kaffashi  Mad Nasir Shamsudin  Alias Radam  Mohd Rusli Yacob  Khalid Abdul Rahim  Muhammad Yazid 《Biological conservation》2012,150(1):150-158

Shadegan International Wetland (SIW) is a unique natural ecosystem with great national and international significance, designated under Ramsar Convention. Located in southern part of Iran, this wetland serves many functions. Among them the rich biodiversity, ecological, hydrological, and economic functions are the most important. Despite the great opportunities for sustainable development of this wetland, it is currently under serious threats from a diverse range of non-sustainable activities. Underestimating SIW’s non-market values in development decisions is a major reason for the conversion and excessive depletion of its resources. The aim of this study was therefore to estimate the economic benefit of SIW as a very useful instrument to reflect the values of this unique ecosystem to society members. A choice experiment (CE) survey was undertaken to estimate the value of different nonmarket attributes of SIW. In addition to the overall model, users and nonusers preferences were also estimated. Random parameter logit (RPL) model was employed to derive the marginal value of the respondents for different attributes of the nonmarket values of SIW. Results indicated the respondents’ positive preferences towards better conservation of SIW.  相似文献   

Genetic diversity assessment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gymnema sylvestre</Emphasis> (Retz.) R. Br. ex Sm. populations from Western Ghats of Maharashtra,India     

Mohd. Shahnawaz  Rahul L. Zanan  Kantilal V. Wakte  Sarika V. Mathure  Trupti D. Kad  Subhash S. Deokule  Altafhusain B. Nadaf 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2012,59(1):125-134

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Sm., a rich source with gymnemic acid, has been used to treat diabetes since past 2000 years. In the current investigation, nomenclature, geographical distribution as well as morphological and genetic diversity of 22 G. sylvestre populations spread across of Western Ghats of Maharashtra has been reported. The genetic variability has been assessed using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers. The populations recorded high level of gene differentiation (G_ST = 0.41 based on ISSR) and gene flow (Nm = 0.92 based on RAPD). The high level of gene differentiation among the populations attributed to entomophilous pollination, wind seed dispersal, out crossing and anthropogenic activities.  相似文献