Oxide surface films on metal crystals     

Gilman JJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5699):1134-5; author reply 1134-5

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Plastic gear loss estimates from remote observation of industrial fishing activity     

Brandon Kuczenski  Camila Vargas Poulsen  Eric L. Gilman  Michael Musyl  Roland Geyer  Jono Wilson 《Fish and Fisheries》2022,23(1):22-33

Derelict fishing gear is a highly visible source of marine plastic pollution, causing mortality and ecosystem degradation with uncertain long-term consequences. The quantity of derelict gear entering the oceans remains unknown because of heterogeneity in fishing gear and effort, as well as inadequate monitoring. Prior studies have been limited in scope to specific fisheries and regions, and large-scale estimates lack an empirical basis. It is critically important for decision makers to have credible information in order to design effective remediation efforts. We estimated the amount of industrial fishing effort and the associated plastic debris entering the ocean globally each year from lost fishing gear. Using remote observations of fishing vessel activity paired with technical fishing gear models, we generated a bounding estimate for gear operation and loss worldwide in 2018. We estimate that industrial trawl, purse-seine and pelagic longline fisheries operated 2.1 Mt of plastic gear over 2018 to obtain 49.7 Mt of retained and discarded catch, representing 74% of industrial marine capture globally. The median estimate for plastic gear lost during the use of these gear types was 48.4 kt (95% confidence interval: 28.4–99.5 kt). This estimate excludes abandoned and discarded gear. Improved observation, especially of small-scale fisheries, is needed to better understand the sources of derelict gear. These findings serve as a benchmark for future monitoring and management efforts to reduce derelict gear in the global ocean.  相似文献   

Effect of grazing pasture with a low selenium content on the concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in serum,and GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes in cows in Chile     

PA Contreras  F Wittwer  R Matamoros  IM Mayorga  tvan G Schaik 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(1):77-80

AIM: To determine the effect of grazing pasture that had a low selenium (Se) concentration on serum concentrations of tri iodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄), and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in dairy cows.

METHODS: Forty pregnant Friesian cows were grazed on pasture that contained 0.03–0.04 ppm Se on a dry matter (DM) basis. Two months before parturition, 20 cows were randomly selected and treated with 1 mg Se/kg bodyweight subcutaneously, as barium selenate (Group Se-S). The other group (Se-D) was not supplemented. Blood samples were taken before supplementation (-60 days) and 30, 60, 90, 180 and 270 days after parturition, for determination of concentrations of T₃ and T₄ in serum, and GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes.

RESULTS: Erythrocyte GSH-Px activity in the Se-D group was >60 U/g haemoglobin (Hb) throughout the experiment. Supplementation increased (p>0.05) activities to >130 U/g Hb throughout lactation. Mean serum concentrations of T₄ in Se-D and Se-S cows increased from 23.7 (SEM 0.7) and 23.4 (SEM 0.8) nmol/L, respectively, in the prepartum period to 69.6 (SEM 0.1) and 67.6 (SEM 0.2) nmol/L, respectively, at 180 days of lactation (p>0.01), and no effect of Se supplementation was evident. Serum concentrations of T₃ in Se-D cows decreased (p>0.05) from 1.6 (SEM 0.1) nmol/L prepartum to 1.0 (SEM 0.2) nmol/L at the beginning of lactation, and remained lower (p>0.05) than those in the Se-S cows which did not decrease after calving and ranged from 1.9 (SEM 0.1) to 2.4 (SEM 0.2) nmol/L throughout lactation.

CONCLUSIONS: Serum T₃ concentrations decreased during early lactation in unsupplemented cows grazing pastures low in Se (0.03–0.04 ppm) and both serum T₃ and erythrocyte GSH-Px activities were consistently lower throughout lactation compared with Se-supplemented cows. Se supplementation had no effect on serum T₄ concentrations.  相似文献   

Duration of action of a topical anaesthetic formulation for pain management of mulesing in sheep     

S Lomax  M Sheil  PA Windsor 《Australian veterinary journal》2013,91(4):160-167

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建设农民的精神家园——浅议推进“农家书屋”的科学可持续发展     

潘觉敏 《农业图书情报学刊》2011,23(5):158-161,164

从＂农家书屋＂的现状分析,探究＂农家书屋＂建设中所存在的问题,并提出进一步推进＂农家书屋＂科学可持续发展,从而在农村文化建设中发挥更大作用的对策。  相似文献   

A cross‐taxa assessment of pelagic longline by‐catch mitigation measures: conflicts and mutual benefits to elasmobranchs          下载免费PDF全文

Eric Gilman  Milani Chaloupka  Yonat Swimmer  Susanna Piovano 《Fish and Fisheries》2016,17(3):748-784

Elasmobranch mortality in pelagic longline fisheries poses a risk to some populations, alters the distribution of abundance between sympatric competitors, changing ecosystem structure, processes and stability. Individual and synergistic effects on elasmobranch catch and survival from pelagic longline gear factors, including methods prescribed to mitigate bycatch of other vulnerable taxa, were determined. Overall relative risk of higher circle vs. J‐shaped hook shark catch rates conditioned on potentially informative moderators, from 30 studies, was estimated using an inverse‐precision weighted mixed‐effects meta‐regression modelling approach. Sharks had a 1.20 times (95% CI: 1.03–1.39) significantly higher pooled relative risk of capture on circle hooks, with two significant moderators. The pooled relative risk estimate of ray circle hook catch from 15 studies was not significant (RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.89–1.66) with no significant moderators. From a literature review, wire leaders had higher shark catch and haulback mortality than monofilament. Interacting effects of hook, bait and leader affect shark catch rates: hook shape and width and bait type determine hooking position and ability to sever monofilament leaders. Circle hooks increased elasmobranch catch, but reduced haulback mortality and deep hooking relative to J‐shaped hooks of the same or narrower width. Using fish vs. squid for bait increased shark catch and deep hooking. Pelagic stingray (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) catch and mortality were lower on wider hooks. Using circle instead of J‐shaped hooks and fish instead of squid for bait, while benefitting sea turtles, odontocetes and possibly seabirds, exacerbates elasmobranch catch and injury, therefore warranting fishery‐specific assessments to determine relative risks.  相似文献   

The Eucalyptus shoot and leaf pathogen Teratosphaeria destructans recorded in South Africa     

Izette Greyling  Michael J Wingfield  Martin PA Coetzee  Seonju Marincowitz 《Southern Forests》2016,78(2):123-129

Species of Teratosphaeria include some of the most important fungal pathogens of plantation-grown eucalypt trees. During routine disease surveys, symptoms and signs of leaf spot and blight were observed on the foliage of one-year-old E. grandis × E. urophylla hybrids in the Zululand region of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. These were distinct from those caused by the well-known and leaf-infecting fungus Teratosphaeria suttonii, which is not considered an important pathogen in the country. Culture and morphological characteristics as well as DNA sequences for three gene regions were used to compare the fungus isolated from the newly emerging symptoms with those for known Teratosphaeria species. DNA sequences were the same as those for T. destructans and this was consistent with the distinctive morphology of the asexual spores and the symptoms on leaves. Teratosphaeria destructans is an aggressive pathogen and actions will be needed to ensure that it does not impart serious losses to the local forestry industry.  相似文献   

Seroincidence of porcine T. solium infection in the Peruvian highlands     

Garcia HH  Gonzalez AE  Gavidia C  Falcon N  Bernal T  Verastegui M  Rodriguez S  Tsang VC  Gilman RH;Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2003,57(4):227-236

We performed repeated serological sampling of pigs in an endemic area of the Peruvian highlands (eight villages) to assess the feasibility of detecting incident cases of Taenia solium infection as indicators of ongoing transmission of the parasite. A total of 2245 samples corresponding to 1548 pigs were collected in three sampling rounds (n=716, 926, and 603, respectively). Village-period specific seroprevalences of antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay varied from 39% (95% CI: 34, 44) to 76% (95% CI: 72, 79). The prevalence of cysticercosis increased with the age of the pigs (similarly for both sexes). Around 40% of pigs were re-sampled at the end of each 4-month period. Crude incidence risks were 48% (57/120, 95% CI: 43–52) and 58% (111/192, 95% CI: 54–61) for each period. A proportion of seropositive animals became seronegative at the end of each period (23 and 15%). Incidence varied by the village, and the exposure period, and was higher in males than females (but did not differ by age).  相似文献   

Chromosome studies in canine lymphosarcoma     

P K Basrur  J P Gilman 《The Cornell veterinarian》1966,56(3):451-469

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Malignant Mixed Sex Cord-stromal Tumour in a Stallion     

A Zanghì  G Catone  G Marino  G De Vico  PA Nicòtina 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2004,39(5):376-379

A 30-year-old Standardbred stallion was examined for unilateral scrotal swelling. Physical and ultrasound examinations revealed a painless enlarged left testis with a non-homogeneous echogenicity, when compared with the controlateral testis. The stallion underwent left unilateral orchiectomy. Grossly, the excised testis was irregularly enlarged (12 x 9 x 9 cm; weight: 530 g) and firm. The sections showed that testicular parenchyma was replaced by a lobulated, greyish-white mass, which involved the epididymal head. At microscopy, a dual Leydig and Sertoli cell tumour component could be seen. Neoplastic Sertoli cells were prevalent and presented pleomorphic cells, mitotic figures and occasional vascular invasion. Tumour patterns showed tubular and solid areas, cord-like or diffuse in appearance, among which newly formed Leydig cell nests and low-density fibrillar bundles were interposed. Immunohistochemically, a weak to moderate immunostaining for vimentin, AE(1)/AE(3) cytokeratin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and CD99 antigens was found in the growing Sertoli cells, whose nuclear MIB-1 labelling index scored 13 +/- 2%. The Leydig tumour cells, on the other hand, displayed a moderate to strong positivity for alpha-inhibin, vimentin, AE(1)/AE(3) cytokeratin, neurone-specific enolase and CD99. On the basis of these findings, a diagnosis of malignant mixed sex cord-stromal tumour was made.  相似文献