EPSPS gene amplification in glyphosate‐resistant Bromus diandrus          下载免费PDF全文

Jenna M Malone  Sarah Morran  Neil Shirley  Peter Boutsalis  Christopher Preston 《Pest management science》2016,72(1):81-88

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Distribution of herbicide‐resistant acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase alleles in Lolium rigidum across grain cropping areas of South Australia     

J M Malone  P Boutsalis  J Baker  C Preston 《Weed Research》2014,54(1):78-86

Resistance to the acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)‐inhibiting herbicides in Lolium rigidum is widespread in grain cropping areas of South Australia. To better understand the occurrence and spread of resistance to these herbicides and how it has changed with time, the carboxyl transferase (CT) domain of the ACCase gene from resistant L. rigidum plants, collected from both random surveys of the mid‐north of Southern Australia over 10 years as well as stratified surveys in individual fields, was sequenced and target site mutations characterised. Amino acid substitutions occurring as a consequence of these target site mutations, at seven positions in the ACCase gene previously correlated with herbicide resistance, were identified in c. 80% of resistant individuals, indicating target site mutation is a common mechanism of resistance in L. rigidum to this herbicide mode of action. Individuals containing multiple amino acid substitutions (two, and in two cases, three substitutions) were also found. Substitutions at position 2041 occurred at the highest frequency in all years of the large area survey, while substitutions at position 2078 were most common in the single farm analysis. This study has shown that target site mutations leading to amino acid substitutions in ACCase of L. rigidum are widespread across South Australia and that these mutations have likely evolved independently in different locations. The results indicate that seed movement, both within and between fields, may contribute to the spread of resistance in a single field. However, over a large area, the independent appearance and selection of target site mutations conferring resistance through herbicide use is the most important factor.  相似文献   

Environmentally sustainable production of food,feed and fuel from natural resources in the tropics     

T. Reg Preston 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1071-1080

Responding to the challenges posed by global warming, peak oil and biofuels will require a paradigm shift in the practice of agriculture and in the role of live stock within the farming system. Farming systems should aim at maximizing plant biomass production from locally available diversified resources, processing of the biomass on farm to provide food, feed and energy and recycling of all waste materials. The approach that is the subject of this paper is that the generation of electricity can be a by-product of food/feed production. The concept is the fractionation of biomass into inedible cell wall material that can be converted to an inflammable gas by gasification, the gas in turn being the source of fuel for internal combustion engines driving electrical generators. The cell contents and related structures such as tree leaves are used as human food or animal feed. As well as providing food and feed the model is highly appropriate for decentralized small scale production of electricity in rural areas. It also offers opportunities for sequestration of carbon in the form of biochar the solid residue remaining after gasification of the biomass.  相似文献   

Effect of Progesterone and Ionomycin on Domestic Cat Sperm Motility Patterns and Acrosome Reaction     

AISB Villaverde  EG Fioratti  FC Landim-Alvarenga  JC de Carvalho Balieiro  CM Melo  FO Papa  MD Lopes 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(S2):309-312

This study was aimed at assessing the changes in sperm motion patterns and the percentage of acrosome reaction (AR) in domestic cat semen after treatment with either ionomycin or progesterone (P₄). Ten ejaculates were collected from five tomcats using an artificial vagina, and were diluted, centrifuged and resuspended in a capacitation medium. Samples were evaluated and divided into seven equal aliquots and, after 2 h at 25°C, were incubated for 30 min at 38°C in 5% CO₂ and then analyzed. Computer-assisted sperm analysis and a combination of three fluorescent probes were used to assess sperm plasma, acrosomal membrane integrity and mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Thirty minutes after the start of incubation, P₄ was added (10 μg/ml) to the P1 group. Groups P2 and P3 were supplemented with P₄ (10 and 20 μg/ml, respectively) only after 2 h of incubation, and groups I1 and I2 were supplemented with ionomycin (4 and 8 μ m , respectively) 2 h after incubation. Group E was supplemented with ethanol (0.6%) at 2 h after incubation and group C received no supplementation. Ionomycin and P₄ treatments led to a hyperactivation-like sperm motion and an increase (p < 0.05) in the percentage of AR. Although a higher (p < 0.05) percentage of AR was obtained in group I2 when compared with all P₄ groups, a decrease (p < 0.05) in total and progressive motility was observed in I2 group. As I1 group was similar to I2 to induce AR without diminishing sperm motility, we can conclude that ionomycin at 4 μ m seems to be more suitable to trigger AR in domestic cat sperm.  相似文献   

Seizures during medetomindine sedation and local anaesthesia in two dogs undergoing skin biopsy   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

JE Rainger  CG Baxter  LJ Vogelnest  CM Dart 《Australian veterinary journal》2009,87(5):188-192

Each of two dogs presented for multiple skin biopsies were sedated with intravenous medetomidine and lignocaine was injected subcutaneously to provide local anaesthesia for skin biopsy. One dog had a seizure during skin biopsy and again immediately following reversal of medetomidine with atipamezole. The other dog developed seizures 2 h following skin biopsy at which time the medetomidine was reversed with atipamezole. Both dogs were neurologically normal with no history of seizures prior to the procedure and remained neurologically normal for 14 weeks and 9 months, respectively, following the procedure. A drug interaction between the α₂-adrenergic agonist medetomidine and lignocaine is suspected and highlights the potential for seizures following the subcutaneous administration of relatively large doses of lignocaine under medetomidine sedation.  相似文献   

Uterine adenomyosis in an orang-utan (Pongo abelii/pygmaeus)     

KJ Graham  FA Hulst  L Vogelnest  IS Fraser  CM Shilton 《Australian veterinary journal》2009,87(1-2):66-69

A 48-year-old, multiparous, female hybrid orang-utan ( Pongo abelii/pygmaeus ) was investigated after a 3-year history of irregular and excessively heavy menstrual bleeding. Opportunistic pelvic examinations over a 2.5-year period were non-diagnostic. Medical therapy was not effective. A subtotal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-ovariectomy was performed. A pedunculated mass spanning 90% of the uterine lumen was seen grossly, and histopathology confirmed uterine adenomyosis. Adenomyosis is defined as the ectopic occurrence or diffuse implantation of endometrial tissue, including glands and stroma, into the myometrium. It is common in older, usually premenopausal, multiparous women and is frequently associated with other uterine pathology, including endometrial hyperplasia and leiomyomas. The most common clinical signs are dysmenorrhoea and heavy menstrual bleeding; however, up to 35% of women are asymptomatic. Diagnosis is difficult and requires myometrial sampling and an experienced pathologist. A hysterectomy in this case was diagnostic and curative. There have been few reports of uterine adenomyosis in non-human primates and none reported in an orang-utan. Uterine adenomyosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in any multiparous, aged, non-human female primate with irregular and excessively heavy menstrual bleeding, and hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-ovariectomy is recommended as a diagnostic and therapeutic solution.  相似文献   

An analysis of the effect of diet and genotype on protein and energy utilization by the black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon – why do genetically selected shrimp grow faster?     

B. Glencross  S. Tabrett  S. Irvin  N. Wade  M. Anderson  D. Blyth  D. Smith  G. Coman  N. Preston 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2013,19(2):128-138

Selected (G8) and wild‐type (W) genotypes of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) juveniles (initial weight G8 = 9.14 ± 0.36 g per animal and W = 8.44 ± 0.10 g per animal) were fed either of two diet types in a clear‐water tank trial to examine the effects of diet type and genetics on growth and feed utilization parameters. Animals were fed twice daily at one of the five ration levels from starvation to apparent satiety. All uneaten feed was accounted for and moults removed. Starved animals were measured after 3 weeks; those fed were measured at both three and 6 weeks. Diet type varied by protein content, raw material choice and the presence [high‐specification diet (HSD)] or absence [low‐specification diet (LSD)] of bioactive substances. At the end of the study, faecal samples were also collected to determine the digestible protein and energy content of each diet by each genotype. Whole animal protein and energy content were also assessed from samples from the initial populations and those from each tank. Growth after 6 weeks of those animals fed to satiety showed that the G8 animals fed the HSD diet had grown at a rate of 2.56 g week^?1, significantly faster than any other treatment. Those G8 animals fed the LSD diet (1.81 g week^?1) had grown significantly faster than the W animals fed the HSD diet (1.25 g week^?1), while those W animals fed the LSD diet (0.61 g week^?1) grew the slowest. Using the data from the varying ration levels, we were able to define that the growth gains of the G8 animals were achieved not only by a greater appetite, but also through lower maintenance energy costs (29 versus 57 kJ kg^?0.8 day^?1) and a more efficient energy conversion (19.5% versus 11.6% when fed the HSD diet). Use of a low‐specification diet with the G8 and W shrimps limited their growth and impaired their potential as demonstrated by a curvilinear response of growth to intake. By comparison, those shrimp fed the HSD diet had a relatively linear growth response to intake.  相似文献   

Pruning and Rootstock as Factors in the Production of Primary Branches on Apple Trees     

A.P. Preston 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(1):17-22

The results from two trials with Cox’s Orange Pippin concerned with the development of primary branches are reported. The first trial, with newly planted one-year-old trees, compared the use of feathers as primary branches with trees where these were removed and new shoots selected as branches. Where feathers were retained the trees had larger girths, more shoots, greater total shoot growth, and the final tree weights were heavier. The crotch angles of all three primary branches were wider where feathers were utilized. On feathered trees there was no advantage in leaving the central leader uncut for the first year. The second trial, in the nursery, showed that by removal of incipient feathers up to 70 cm. from the ground, more and longer feathers were secured in the region where primary branches are required. Trunk renewal, involving the drastic cutting back of the maiden tree to within 5 cm. of the bud union, did not increase the number and length of feathers the following year in this trial.  相似文献   

Apple Rootstock Studies: Fifteen Years’ Results with Malling-Merton Clones     

A. P. Preston 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):349-360

The field performance of 27 apple rootstock clones, including M.XXV and all the Malling-Merton ones is reviewed over a fifteen-year period. Three scion varieties were used, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Jonathan and Ellison’s Orange, and the trials were planted both on loam and on sand soil types.

None of the new clones made trees as small as those on M.IX, their vigour ranging from that of M.VII to that of M.XVI. MM.106 made trees similar in size and cropping to those on M.VII on the loam soil, but on the sand they were smaller. MM.I06, unlike M.VII, was free from the suckering habit. Trees on MM.III and M.Il were similar in size but Cox on MM.III yielded 20% more fruit over the whole period of the trial and during the years 11 to 15. Trees on MM.I04 were heavy-bearing and larger than those on M.Il and MM.III. In the very vigorous group, MM.Iog cropped heavily but was poorly anchored. Trees on M.XXV were superior in this respect and cropped more heavily than those on M.XVI. Cox and Ellison were unthrifty on 829, but the Jonathan trees behaved normally. Jonathan on MM.102 showed severe interveinalleaf scorch symptoms of magnesium deficiency and cropping was poor.

Many of the new rootstocks fell into similar vigour groups. It is suggested that, in other apple-growing areas of the world, other rootstocks besides MM.104, MM.106, MM.III and M.XXV, which were selected .for English conditions, should be tried experimentally. The data presented suggest MM.1O1, MM.103, MM.110, MM.115 and MM.116 as worthy of local study in addition to the four others.  相似文献   

Orchard Tree Spacing in Relation to Wind and Cropping     

A. P. Preston 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):303-306

In experiments during 1967 and 1968 three French bean cultivars, Processor, Meteor and Tenderlong, were harvested twice-weekly as the crop matured. Field and laboratory tests, viz. alcohol-insoluble-solids (AIS), dry matter (DM), seed percentage, seed length and shear press values, were assessed as indices of maturity.

Seed percentage and seed length increased with successive harvests but proved subject to variation with cultivar and with season. Shear values obtained using 100-g samples did not increase significantly with successive harvests. Both AIS and DM were good indices of maturity and were highly correlated (r > 0.99) with each other in both seasons.  相似文献