Spring invasion of Heterodera schachtii in sugarbeet; a simulation study     

W. Van Der Werf  R. Rabbinge  W. Heijbroek 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1986,92(1):33-42

A simulation model was developed for the spring invasion of the beet cyst nematode,Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, into sugarbeet roots, according to the state variable approach. This model describes the processes of egghatch, emergence of second stage larvae from cysts, migration to roots and penetration into roots quantitatively, using published data.In 1983 a field experiment was conducted to test this model.H. schachtii cysts were introduced at depths 6–29 cm in PVC-cylinders, buried in the soil. The rooting depth of sugarbeet seedlings, growing in these cylinders, was limited to 5 cm by 50 m mesh nylon gauze. Every 10 days the second stage larvae, which had penetrated into the roots of these seedlings were counted. After 50 days, about 40% of the eggs had hatched. More than 20% of the emerged larvae penetrated if the cysts had been buried undeeply, and only 4% if the cysts had been buried at 29 cm depth.The model predicted the course of penetration into the root during the first 40 days with reasonable accuracy (r²=0.79), but in the 5th period of 10 days the model made an overestimation of more than 100%. Egghatch after 50 days was correctly simulated. The differences in penetration into the root between the model and the experiment might result from an oversimplified simulation of the penetration success or the neglection of mortality of second stage larvae. Detailed experiments should be done to provide better parameters for these factors.Samenvatting Volgens de toestandsvariabele-benadering werd een simulatiemodel ontwikkeld van de voorjaarspenetratie van het bietecystenaaltje. Het model beschrijft aan de hand van literatuurgegevens het uikomen van de eieren, het verlaten van de cyst door de larven, de migratie naar en de penetratie in de wortel.In 1983 werd een veldproef uitgevoerd om het model te toetsen. Cysten vanH. schachtii werden op 5 dieptes tussen 6 en 29 cm ingegraven in PVC-cylinders, welke waren verzonken in de bodem. De bewortelingsdiepte van de suikerbiete-zaailingen die hierin groeiden werd beperkt tot 5 cm door nylon gaas van 50 m maaswijdte. Elke 10 dagen werden de larven geteld die in de wortels van deze plantjes waren gepenetreerd. Na 50 dagen was 40% van de eieren uitgekomen. Meer dan 20% van de gelokte larven penetreerden als de cysten ondiep waren ingegraven, en slechts 4% als de cysten op 29 cm diepte waren ingegraven.Gedurende de eerste 40 dagen werd het verloop van de penetratie in de wortel met redelijke nauwkeurigheid door het model voorspeld (r²=0.79). In de 5e periode van 10 dagen maakte het model echter een overschatting van meer dan 100%. Het uitkomen van de eieren werd correct gesimuleerd. De verschillen in penetratie tussen het model en de proef zouden het gevolg kunnen zijn van een oververeenvoudigde simulatie van het penetratiesucces of van het verwaarlozen van de mortaliteit van de migrerende larven. Betere gegevens hierover zullen moeten komen uit detailproeven.  相似文献   

Dispute reopened on mysterious 1979 flash     

Norman C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,228(4704):1180

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Dispute over Soviet Testing Heats Up     

Smith RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,228(4703):1072

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IOM Sees Need For Autopsy Policy     

Holden C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,229(4713):539

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Illinois, cornell sign supercomputer contracts     

Norman C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,229(4713):538

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What makes a good computer device?     

Keyes RW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,230(4722):138-144

Numerous development projects aimed at replacing the silicon technology that dominates computer logic with a faster alternative have been conducted throughout the past 25 years. None has succeeded. The alternatives are usually based on a device that switches very rapidly, and they neglect many other requirements of computer logic. In this article the essential physical factors that account for the success of transistors in digital applications are identified, as are the factors that are absent in proposed alternative devices.  相似文献   

Recurring origins of allopolyploid species in asplenium     

Werth CR  Guttman SI  Eshbaugh WH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,228(4700):731-733

A large proportion of plant species has originated through allopolyploidy: interspecific hybridization followed by chromosome doubling. Heterozygosity remains fixed in allopolyploids because of nonsegregation of parental chromosomes. Two allotetraploid species of the fern genus Asplenium show allozyme polymorphisms at loci that are polymorphic in their diploid progenitors, indicating that each has originated more than once and implicating continued gene flow from diploids to tetraploids.  相似文献   

Sociology Stir at Harvard: Controversial tenure decision complicates attempts to bring in more "quantifiers"     

Holden C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,228(4700):692-693

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Association program seeks broader awareness of issues in science, arms control, and national security     

Scribner RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,230(4731):1264-1265

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New Horizons for Light Microscopy: A combination of ingenious inventions, both new and old, has culminated in stereo images at the limit of resolution     

Lewin R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,230(4731):1258-1262

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