Science and product     

Gomory RE  Schmitt RW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,240(4856):1131-1204

Much of what needs to be changed in U.S. industry involves close ties to manufacturing, design for manufacturability, a rapid design cycle, and up-to-date technical knowledge on the part of the engineers themselves. Being up-to-date requires conscious company effort. Traveling to meetings, reading the technical literature, and being a part of the engineering community are necessities if we are to compete with others who make these efforts and are thus better able to incorporate technical change rapidly into their own products. Outside the product improvement cycle, a research (as opposed to development) organization in industry must have close ties to development and manufacturing in order to succeed. With these close ties, researchers can understand the progress of the cycle and can introduce new steps at the appropriate time and in an acceptable form. A research organization that surmounts the internal barriers and becomes an accepted contributor to the development and manufacturing process can, because of its greater technical depth, its scientific knowledge, and its close ties with the university world, become a forceful initiator of progress. It is more difficult, in our opinion, to make these contributions from a university base and from government laboratories as they are now constituted. Much has been said by industry and government leaders about reforming the educational system and strengthening the national science base-things that help build a strong foundation. A strong science base supplies a vast storehouse of new ideas, and a good educational system provides engineers and manufacturing workers with knowledge; but strength here cannot make up for inadequacies in the functioning of the development and manufacturing cycle. The United States must learn to succeed, not only in the ladder type of innovation in which a wholly new idea from science creates a wholly new product (the science-dominated process at which we have succeeded in the past), but also in the rapid, cyclical, engineer-dominated process of incremental product improvement. Neither process is a substitute for the other; we need both.  相似文献   

Antimutagenic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Maytenus krukovii bark     

Bruni R  Rossi D  Muzzoli M  Romagnoli C  Paganetto G  Besco E  Choquecillo F  Peralta K  Lora WS  Sacchetti G 《Fitoterapia》2006,77(7-8):538-545

The hydroalcoholic extract of Maytenus krukovii bark was investigated for its in vitro mutageno-protective activities by means of the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. The extract showed an inhibitory effect in both T98 and T100 strains against the mutagenic activity of promutagen 2-aminoanthracene but was not protective against directly acting mutagens sodium azide and 2-nitrofluorene. When tested as a radical scavenger and antioxidant it produced a dose-dependent inhibition. The extract did not show significant antibacterial properties, and was weakly active against dermatophyte and phytopathogenic fungi, but inhibited the growth of phytopathogen Pithyum ultimum.  相似文献   

Disseminated peripheral neuroblastoma in a Rhodesian Ridgeback dog          下载免费PDF全文

RW Cook  LA Abraham  CI McCowan 《Australian veterinary journal》2017,95(4):129-133

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Haemolymph nitrogenous constituents and nitrogen efflux rates of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus paulensis (Perez-Farfante), exposed to ambient ammonia-N     

A S C Schmitt  E A Santos 《Aquaculture Research》1999,30(1):1-11

The effects of increased levels of ambient ammonia-N (7, 20 and 50 mg L^–1) on some blood nitrogenous constituents, and on ammonia-N and urea-N efflux rates of Penaeus paulensis are reported. Haemolymph urea, protein and haemocyanin levels, and the haemocyanin:protein ratio were not significantly altered in any of the situations tested. Sudden exposure to 20 mg L^–1 caused a transient increase in haemolymph ammonia-N levels, and induced pH and uric acid-N levels to increase after 24 h of exposure. A similar transient increase in haemolymph ammonia-N levels occurred during recovery, and the original pH and uric acid-N levels were restored within 30 min. The haemolymph ammonia-N and uric acid-N levels of shrimp held in 50 mg L^–1 for 24 h were higher than those held in low ammonia-N sea water at all times (control). Increased ammonia-N effluxes were found to occur upon recovery, but urea-N effluxes were not different from those of control shrimp. The amounts of ammonia-N which accumulated in the haemolymph of shrimp at high ambient ammonia-N levels were considerably lower than those excreted during the recovery period. Such findings indicate that some of the accumulating haemolymph ammonia-N was transformed into other compounds or stored elsewhere. Possible mechanisms involved are discussed.  相似文献   

Gold nanoelectrodes of varied size: transition to molecule-like charging   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S Chen  RS Ingram  MJ Hostetler  JJ Pietron  RW Murray  TG Schaaff  JT Khoury  MM Alvarez  RL Whetten 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,280(5372):2098-2101

A transition from metal-like double-layer capacitive charging to redox-like charging was observed in electrochemical ensemble Coulomb staircase experiments on solutions of gold nanoparticles of varied core size. The monodisperse gold nanoparticles are stabilized by short-chain alkanethiolate monolayers and have 8 to 38 kilodaltons core mass (1.1 to 1.9 nanometers in diameter). Larger cores display Coulomb staircase responses consistent with double-layer charging of metal-electrolyte interfaces, whereas smaller core nanoparticles exhibit redox chemical character, including a large central gap. The change in behavior is consistent with new near-infrared spectroscopic data showing an emerging gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals of 0.4 to 0.9 electron volt.  相似文献   

Community livelihood and patterns of natural resources uses in the shrimp‐farm impacted Mekong Delta     

Olivier Marc Joffre  Klaus Schmitt 《Aquaculture Research》2010,41(12):1855-1866

This case study looks at changing livelihood strategies of the coastal population in Soc Trang Province in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and their impacts on natural resources. It provides an opportunity not only to document the impact of shrimp farming on coastal livelihood but also to better understand the link between brackish water aquaculture development and natural resource use. The approach includes a socio‐economic survey in six villages of the province focusing on risk strategies and livelihood diversification. Shrimp farming was found to be less risky and more profitable for households and private companies with a higher investment capacity than for poorer households. Households facing a high risk in shrimp farming diversified their aquaculture production, with other high‐value species like mud crab and elongated goby as a coping mechanism. The use of natural resources' collection is shifting from home consumption towards market‐oriented sales of juvenile mud crabs, clams or fish (elongated goby) to supply seed for brackish water aquaculture developments.  相似文献