On the immunobiology of the MNS substance erythrocyte antigen in man and animal     

J Schmitt 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1967,14(1):68-78

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Distribution of methyl bromide in soils treated for nematode control in replant vineyards     

Nabil Abdalla  Dewey J. Raski  Bert Lear  Richard V. Schmitt 《Pest management science》1974,5(3):259-269

Methyl bromide was applied with and without polyethylene covers at rates of 337, 449, 673 and 898 kg/ha to replant vineyard soils to control plant parasitic nematodes. Distribution of the gas in the soil atmosphere at different depths was measured by gas chromatography. Higher doses, low soil moisture and deeper placement of methyl bromide resulted in more rapid soil penetration and higher concentrations of the gas at the deeper soil levels. Placement of methyl bromide in the soil at 0.76-0.81 m without polyethylene cover resulted in gas distribution at concentrations sufficient for nematode kill as deep as 2.44 m.  相似文献   

Species-dependent effects of border cell and root tip exudates on nematode behavior     

Zhao X  Schmitt M  Hawes MC 《Phytopathology》2000,90(11):1239-1245

ABSTRACT Effects of border cell and root tip exudates on root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) behavior were examined. In whole-plant assays using pea, M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) accumulated rapidly around the 1- to 2-mm apical region ensheathed by border cells, but not in the region of elongation. Within 15 to 30 min, J2 which had accumulated within detached clumps of border cells lost motility and entered into a quiescent state. When border cells (and associated root tip exudates) were washed from pea roots prior to challenge with nematodes, no such accumulation and quiescence was induced. Attraction of nematodes by roots was species dependent: no attraction or accumulation occurred in snap bean. Using a quantitative assay, three categories of chemotaxis responses occurred: attraction (pea and alfalfa cv. Thor), repulsion (alfalfa cv. Moapa 69), and no response (snap bean and alfalfa cv. Lahonton). In contrast, total root tip exudates from all three plant species acted as a repellent for M. incognita in the sand assay. An in vitro assay was developed to characterize the induced quiescence response. When total root tip exudate from the tested legumes (as well as corn) was incubated with J2 populations, >80% of the nematodes lost motility. A similar response occurred in Caenorhabditis elegans. Border cell exudates did not induce or contribute to the induction of quiescence. Cocultivation of pea border cells with M. incognita resulted in changes in border cell shape similar to those observed in response to exogenous plant hormones. No such changes occurred in snap bean border cells. Understanding the cell- and host-specific extracellular recognition that occurs between roots and pathogenic nematodes in the early stages before infection occurs could lead to new avenues for disease control.  相似文献   

Use of famciclovir for the treatment of endotheliotrophic herpesvirus infections in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).     

D L Schmitt  D A Hardy  R J Montali  L K Richman  W A Lindsay  R Isaza  G West 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2000,31(4):518-522

Two juvenile Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) presented with an acute onset of facial edema and lethargy. Examination of the oral cavity of each animal revealed cyanosis of the tip and distal margins of the tongue suggestive of endothelial inclusion body disease (EIBD) of elephants. Whole-blood samples were obtained, and polymerase chain reaction tests confirmed the presence of elephant herpesvirus. The animals were administered famciclovir (Famvir, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101, USA), a potent human anti-herpesvirus drug, in the course of their disease, and recovery followed a treatment regime of 3-4 wk. These are the first known cases of elephants surviving EIBD.  相似文献   

Improved Methods for High-Throughput Extraction and Assay of Green Barley Malt Proteinase Activity Facilitating Examination of Proteinase Activity Across Large-Scale Barley Populations     

Mark R. Schmitt  Allen D. Budde 《Cereal Chemistry》2007,84(4):313-319

We report efficient sample extraction and assay methods allowing quantitative determinations of proteinase activities from barley malt. The improved methods are used to assay >2,200 developmental lines of malting barley for two subsets of proteinase activity. The distributions of the resulting activities suggest differences in population structures between the two types of proteinases. Comparison of the activities of the green malt proteinases with standard malting quality measurements show highly significant correlations that differ between the proteinase subsets. The pH 4.5 hydrolysis of the artificial substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC correlates well with the traditional malting quality measurements, supporting the role of cysteine-class proteinases in mobilization of grain reserves during malting and mashing. Results from assays of gelatin hydrolysis at pH 6.0 suggest that these proteolytic activities may be involved in other aspects of seed C and N dynamics also linked to malting quality measurements. The differences between the pH 4.5 and 6.0 activities assayed here and their association with malting quality measurements suggest different physiological roles for the two proteinase activities in several aspects of seed germination. Either assay could be useful for population surveys, depending on the particular facet of seed metabolism under study.  相似文献   

Neutron activation for distinguishing cascade range pyroclastics     

Theisen AA  Borchardt GA  Harward ME  Schmitt RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,161(3845):1009-1011

Neutron activation of glassy separates of volcanic ash resulted in 21 nuclides measurable with instrumental techniques. The relative activities of most of the nuclides distinguish samples from Mount Mazama, Newberry Crater, and Glacier Peak. The usefulness of the technique was assessed by comparing the values for known sources with those from fine ash of uncertain origin. The data strongly suggest Mount Mazama as the source.  相似文献   

Mouse models of tumor development in neurofibromatosis type 1     

Cichowski K  Shih TS  Schmitt E  Santiago S  Reilly K  McLaughlin ME  Bronson RT  Jacks T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,286(5447):2172-2176

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a prevalent familial cancer syndrome resulting from germ line mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Hallmark features of the disease are the development of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (neurofibromas), which can progress to malignancy. Unlike humans, mice that are heterozygous for a mutation in Nf1 do not develop neurofibromas. However, as described here, chimeric mice composed in part of Nf1-/- cells do, which demonstrates that loss of the wild-type Nf1 allele is rate-limiting in tumor formation. In addition, mice that carry linked germ line mutations in Nf1 and p53 develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which supports a cooperative and causal role for p53 mutations in MPNST development. These two mouse models provide the means to address fundamental aspects of disease development and to test therapeutic strategies.  相似文献   

Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Lanciotti RS  Roehrig JT  Deubel V  Smith J  Parker M  Steele K  Crise B  Volpe KE  Crabtree MB  Scherret JH  Hall RA  MacKenzie JS  Cropp CB  Panigrahy B  Ostlund E  Schmitt B  Malkinson M  Banet C  Weissman J  Komar N  Savage HM  Stone W  McNamara T  Gubler DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,286(5448):2333-2337

In late summer 1999, an outbreak of human encephalitis occurred in the northeastern United States that was concurrent with extensive mortality in crows (Corvus species) as well as the deaths of several exotic birds at a zoological park in the same area. Complete genome sequencing of a flavivirus isolated from the brain of a dead Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), together with partial sequence analysis of envelope glycoprotein (E-glycoprotein) genes amplified from several other species including mosquitoes and two fatal human cases, revealed that West Nile (WN) virus circulated in natural transmission cycles and was responsible for the human disease. Antigenic mapping with E-glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies and E-glycoprotein phylogenetic analysis confirmed these viruses as WN. This North American WN virus was most closely related to a WN virus isolated from a dead goose in Israel in 1998.  相似文献   

The respiratory sinus arrhythmia: a measure of cardiac age   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

W J Hrushesky  D Fader  O Schmitt  V Gilbertsen 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,224(4652):1001-1004

A method developed for quantifying respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during voluntary cardiorespiratory synchronization relies on computer-assisted rhythmometric cosinor analysis of instantaneous heart rate data. The RSA was present in all subjects tested, even those at advanced ages. The amplitude of the RSA falls approximately 10 percent per decade. An individual with a transplanted heart and one with severe diabetic neuropathy each had resting RSA values that were normal for their ages. The shape and amplitude of the RSA during voluntary cardiorespiratory synchronization may reflect the suppleness of the heart and its response to rhythmically changing intrathoracic pressure and the subsequent ebb-and-flow of venous return. Our technology allows objective quantitative assessment of the biologic age of the heart and also the effect of any drug, disease, or behavior that affects the RSA.  相似文献   

Enhanced diapycnal mixing by salt fingers in the thermocline of the tropical Atlantic   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Schmitt RW  Ledwell JR  Montgomery ET  Polzin KL  Toole JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5722):685-688

Diapycnal mixing plays a significant role in the ocean's circulation and uptake of heat and carbon dioxide, but has not been quantified in salt finger-driven thermohaline staircases. We recently performed a tracer release experiment in the western tropical Atlantic staircase at approximately 400 m depth. The observed dispersion implies an effective diapycnal diffusivity for tracer and salt of 0.8 to 0.9 x 10(-4) m2/s. Temperature microstructure data interpreted in terms of a vertical production-dissipation balance yields a smaller effective diffusivity for heat of 0.45 (+/- 0.2) x 10(-4) m2/s, consistent with salt fingers and well above the mixing ascribable to mechanical turbulence.  相似文献