Putative role of pith cell wall phenylpropanoids in Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance     

Santiago R  Butron A  Arnason JT  Reid LM  Souto XC  Malvar RA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(6):2274-2279

The stem borer Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefèbvre) is the most important insect pest that attacks maize, Zea mays L., in northwestern Spain. Host plant resistance to this borer was investigated in relation to the cell wall phenylpropanoids content in the pith. Eight inbred lines that differ in resistance were analyzed. Three major simple phenolic acids, p-coumaric, trans-ferulic, and cis-ferulic acids, and three isomers of diferulic acid, 8-5', 8-O-4', and 8-5'b (benzofuran form), were identified. The amount of all these compounds was correlated with the resistance level in the genotypes, with the resistant inbreds having the highest concentrations. The role of these compounds in cell wall fortification and lignification is well-documented, suggesting their possible intervention in S. nonagrioides resistance. Future studies that focus on these compounds could be useful to enhance S. nonagroides resistance.  相似文献   

Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a first inter-laboratory comparison trial to evaluate virus isolation and RT-PCR detection methods     

Ferris NP  King DP  Reid SM  Hutchings GH  Shaw AE  Paton DJ  Goris N  Haas B  Hoffmann B  Brocchi E  Bugnetti M  Dekker A  De Clercq K 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,117(2-4):130-140

Five European reference laboratories participated in an exercise to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of their routinely employed RT-PCR tests and cell cultures for the detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. Five identical sets of 20 coded samples were prepared from 10 vesicular epithelia, which were derived from submissions from suspect cases of FMD or swine vesicular disease (SVD). Sixteen samples were derived from six FMD virus positive epithelia representing four different serotypes (two each of types O and A and one each of types Asia 1 and SAT 2), two from samples which had been found to be negative by antigen ELISA and virus isolation (VI) in cell culture and two from SVD virus positive epithelia. Some of the FMD virus positive samples were prepared from 10-fold serial dilutions of three of the initial suspensions. Each laboratory tested the samples by one or more of its available RT-PCR procedures and inoculated cell cultures that it routinely uses for FMD diagnosis in attempts to isolate virus, the specificity of which was confirmed by antigen ELISA. The best of the RT-PCR assays used in each laboratory gave comparable results while the sensitivity of cell cultures was variable from high in one laboratory, moderate in two and low in two others. This prototype panel of samples would appear suitable for external quality assurance of these tests but would benefit from the inclusion of more negative samples and an extension in the serial dilution range of one or more of the FMD positive sample titration series.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional intravenous limb perfusion in standing horses     

Parra-Sanchez A  Lugo J  Boothe DM  Gaughan EM  Hanson RR  Duran S  Belknap JK 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(10):1687-1695

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional IV limb perfusion (RILP) in standing horses. ANIMALS: 14 adult horses. PROCEDURES: Standing horses (7 horses/group) received either enrofloxacin (1.5 mg/kg) or amikacin (250 mg) via RILP (involving tourniquet application) in 1 forelimb. Samples of interstitial fluid (collected via implanted capillary ultrafiltration devices) from the bone marrow (BMIF) of the third metacarpal bone and overlying subcutaneous tissues (STIF), blood, and synovial fluid of the radiocarpal joint were collected prior to (time 0) and at intervals after tourniquet release for determination of drug concentrations. For pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16 microg/mL (amikacin) and 0.5 microg/mL (enrofloxacin) were applied. RESULTS: After RILP with enrofloxacin, 3 horses developed vasculitis. The highest synovial fluid concentrations of enrofloxacin and amikacin were detected at time 0; median values (range) were 13.22 microg/mL (0.254 to 167.9 microg/mL) and 26.2 microg/mL (5.78 to 50.0 microg/mL), respectively. Enrofloxacin concentrations exceeded MIC for approximately 24 hours in STIF and synovial fluid and for 36 hours in BMIF. After perfusion of amikacin, concentrations greater than the MIC were not detected in any samples. Effective therapeutic concentrations of enrofloxacin were attained in all samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In horses with orthopedic infections, RILP of enrofloxacin (1.5 mg/kg) should be considered as a treatment option. However, care must be taken during administration. A dose of amikacin > 250 mg is recommended to attain effective tissue concentrations via RILP in standing horses.  相似文献   

Adenovirus particles from a wild red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) from Northern Ireland     

Everest DJ  Griffin J  Warnock ND  Collins L  Dick J  Reid N  Scantlebury M  Marks N  Montgomery I 《The Veterinary record》2012,170(7):188

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Gasterophilosis: a major cause of rectal prolapse in working donkeys in Ethiopia     

Getachew AM  Innocent G  Trawford AF  Reid SW  Love S 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(4):757-762

A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the cause of rectal prolapse in working donkeys in Ethiopia. Analysis of data on rectal prolapse cases obtained from the Donkey Health and Welfare Project clinic at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, from 1995 to 2004 revealed that 83.6% (n = 177) of the cases were associated with Gasterophilus nasalis. The rest 10.7% and 5.7% were associated with work-related (overloading) cause and diarrhoea, respectively. The mean and median numbers of G. nasalis recovered from the rectum of infected donkeys were 66 and 64, respectively, with a range of 2–195. Over 100 G. nasalis larvae were recovered from the rectum of 22% of the donkeys. Circular demarcated ulcer-like and deep circumferential pits or ring-like mucosal lesions were found at the larval attachment sites. G. nasalis infection and the associated rectal prolapse were observed year round. However, the intensity of rectal larval infection and incidence of rectal prolapse were significantly higher during the rainy season (P < 0.01). Age and sex of the donkeys had no significant effect on the intensity of rectal larval infection and incidence of rectal prolapse (P > 0.05).  相似文献   

Preserving new anthelmintics: a simple method for estimating faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) confidence limits when efficacy and/or nematode aggregation is high     

Dobson RJ  Hosking BC  Jacobson CL  Cotter JL  Besier RB  Stein PA  Reid SA 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,186(1-2):79-92

As it has been 30 years since a new anthelmintic class was released, it is appropriate to review management practices aimed at slowing the development of anthelmintic resistance to all drug classes. Recommendations to delay anthelmintic resistance, provide refugia and the use of a simulation model were reviewed to find optimum treatment strategies that maintain nematode control. Simulated Australian conditions indicated that a common successful low-risk treatment program was a rapid rotation between a "triple-combination" product (benzimidazole+levamisole+abamectin) and a new high-efficacy drug (monepantel). Where Haemonchus contortus was a threat, moxidectin was required at critical times because of its persistent activity against this parasite. Leaving up to 4% of adult sheep untreated provided sufficient "refugia" for non-selected worms to reduce the risk of selecting for anthelmintic resistance without compromising nematode control. For a new anthelmintic, efficacy estimated by faecal egg count reduction (FECR) is likely to be at or close to 100%, however using current methods the 95% confidence limits (CL) for 100% are incorrectly determined as 100%. The fewer eggs counted pre-treatment, the more likely an estimate of 100% will occur, particularly if the true efficacy is >90%. A novel way to determine the lower-CL (LCL) for 100% efficacy is to reframe FECR as a binomial proportion, i.e. define: n and x as the total number of eggs counted (rather than eggs per gram of faeces) for all pre-treatment and post-treatment animals, respectively; p the proportion of resistant eggs is p = x/n and percent efficacy is 100 ×(1-p) (assuming equal treatment group sizes and detection levels, pre- and post-treatment). The LCL is approximated from the cumulative inverse beta distribution by: 95%LCL=100 ×(1-(BETAINV(0.975, x+1, n-x+1))). This method is simpler than the current method, independent of the number of animals tested, and demonstrates that for 100% efficacy at least 37 eggs (not eggs per gram) need to be counted pre-treatment before the LCL can exceed 90%. When nematode aggregation is high, this method can be usefully applied to efficacy estimates lower than 100%, and in this case the 95% upper-CL (UCL) can be estimated by: 95% UCL = 100 ×(1((BETAINV(0.025, x+1, n-x+1))), with the LCL approximated as described above. A simulation study to estimate the precision and accuracy of this method found that the more conservative 99%CL was optimum; in this case 0.975 and 0.025 are replaced by 0.995 and 0.005 to estimate the LCL and UCL, respectively.  相似文献   

Effects of compressive abdominal bandaging and transrectal palpation on intra‐abdominal pressures in horses     

Elizabeth J. Barrett DVM  Amelia S. Munsterman DVM  MS  DACVS  DACVECC  R. Reid Hanson DVM  DACVS  DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2013,23(1):41-46

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The efficacy of oxfendazole administered as a bolus compared with a drench formulation     

F. H. M. Borgsteede  W. P. J. v. d. Burg  J. F. S. Reid 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(2):101-103

Summary

In a flock of 40 ewe lambs of the Texel breed the anthelmintic oxfendazole was tested in two different formulations, a 2.265 per cent suspension and a 4 gram bolus containing 151 mg active ingredient. All treatments were based on a dose rate of 5 mg / kg body weight. Faecal examinations and larval differentiations were carried out on the day of treatment and two and seven days later. No differences in efficacy were apparent between the two treated groups.

Oxfendazole in either formulation was 100 per cent effective in removing the major strongylids and trichostrongylids.

A lower activity was seen against Strongyloides papillosus.  相似文献   

Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 1. Training,racing and general health patterns     

NR Perkins  SWJ Reid  RS Morris 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(1):59-68

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Understanding foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission biology: identification of the indicators of infectiousness     

Margo E Chase-Topping  Ian Handel  Bartlomiej M Bankowski  Nicholas D Juleff  Debi Gibson  Sarah J Cox  Miriam A Windsor  Elizabeth Reid  Claudia Doel  Richard Howey  Paul V Barnett  Mark EJ Woolhouse  Bryan Charleston 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):46

The control of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks in non-endemic countries relies on the rapid detection and removal of infected animals. In this paper we use the observed relationship between the onset of clinical signs and direct contact transmission of FMDV to identify predictors for the onset of clinical signs and identify possible approaches to preclinical screening in the field. Threshold levels for various virological and immunological variables were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and then tested using generalized linear mixed models to determine their ability to predict the onset of clinical signs. In addition, concordance statistics between qualitative real time PCR test results and virus isolation results were evaluated. For the majority of animals (71%), the onset of clinical signs occurred 3–4 days post infection. The onset of clinical signs was associated with high levels of virus in the blood, oropharyngeal fluid and nasal fluid. Virus is first detectable in the oropharyngeal fluid, but detection of virus in the blood and nasal fluid may also be good candidates for preclinical indicators. Detection of virus in the air was also significantly associated with transmission. This study is the first to identify statistically significant indicators of infectiousness for FMDV at defined time periods during disease progression in a natural host species. Identifying factors associated with infectiousness will advance our understanding of transmission mechanisms and refine intra-herd and inter-herd disease transmission models.  相似文献