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BA Hampson JM Morton PC Mills MG Trotter DW Lamb CC Pollitt 《Australian veterinary journal》2010,88(5):176-181
Objective The aims of this work were to (1) develop a low-cost equine movement tracking collar based on readily available components, (2) conduct preliminary studies assessing the effects of both paddock size and internal fence design on the movements of domestic horses, with and without foals at foot, and (3) describe distances moved by mares and their foals. Additional monitoring of free-ranging feral horses was conducted to allow preliminary comparisons with the movement of confined domestic horses. Procedures A lightweight global positioning system (GPS) data logger modified from a personal/vehicle tracker and mounted on a collar was used to monitor the movement of domestic horses in a range of paddock sizes and internal fence designs for 6.5-day periods. Results In the paddocks used (0.8–16 ha), groups of domestic horses exhibited a logarithmic response in mean daily distance travelled as a function of increasing paddock size, tending asymptotically towards approximately 7.5 km/day. The distance moved by newborn foals was similar to their dams, with total distance travelled also dependent on paddock size. Without altering available paddock area, paddock design, with the exception of a spiral design, did not significantly affect mean daily distance travelled. Feral horses (17.9 km/day) travelled substantially greater mean daily distances than domestic horses (7.2 km/day in 16-ha paddock), even when allowing for larger paddock size. Conclusions Horses kept in stables or small yards and paddocks are quite sedentary in comparison with their feral relatives. For a given paddock area, most designs did not significantly affect mean daily distance travelled. 相似文献
23.
Survey of levels of propetamphos and diazinon used to control sheep scab in Northern Ireland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
As a result of an increase in the incidence of sheep scab in Northern Ireland, the concentrations of propetamphos and diazinon were measured during 1987 and 1988 in fleece and liquid dip samples from selected flocks, including some in which inadequate dipping was suspected. Sixty-five per cent and 68 per cent of the liquid dip samples contained less than the manufacturer's recommended maintenance concentrations for propetamphos and diazinon respectively. The concentrations found in fleece were also lower than those found in sheep which were dipped with the recommended concentrations of propetamphos and diazinon in a controlled experiment. 相似文献
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Elizabeth Rice 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(4):701-713
Using survey data from Jala, Mexico, this case-study evaluates in situ maize conservation of the variety ‘Jala’ (Zea mays L.). Though historically ‘Jala’ was the dominant variety grown in the valley of Jala, today less than 20% of farmers grow
it on only 5% of the maize area. Younger growers of the ‘Jala’ variety specialize in it, growing relatively large amounts
for niche markets. Older, diversified farmers grow small areas for household use and to compete in a local contest. Conservation
of the ‘Jala’ variety has been heavily influenced by shifting ideal concepts of maize, as determined by market and consumption
demands and by a contest designed to promote in situ conservation. The current move away from nationalized purchasing may
favor ‘Jala’s’ continued conservation. 相似文献
26.
Angier JT McCarty GW Rice CP Bialek K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(15):4424-4429
Agrochemicals are a major source of nonpoint pollution. Forested corridors along stream channels (riparian zones) are thought to be potential sites for removal of agricultural contaminants from ground and surface waters. First-order riparian wetlands are reputed to be especially effective at groundwater remediation. The study site is a fairly typical (for eastern Maryland) small, first-order stream in an agricultural watershed. Preferential flow supplies most of the stream water within the riparian headwater wetland. This upstream area also contains the highest average stream N and pesticide loads in the entire first-order riparian system. Zones of active groundwater emergence onto the surface display high concentrations of nitrate throughout the soil profile and in the exfiltrating water, whereas inactive areas (where there is no visible upwelling) show rapid attenuation of nitrate with decreasing depths. Atrazine degradation products appear to penetrate more readily through the most active upwelling zones, and there is a correlation between zones of high nitrate and high atrazine metabolite levels. Deethylatrazine/atrazine ratios (DAR) seem to indicate that stream flow is dominated by ground water and that much of the ground water may have reached the stream via preferential flow. Remediative processes appear to be very complex, heterogeneous, and variable in these systems, so additional research is needed before effective formulation and application of riparian zone initiatives and guidelines can be accomplished. 相似文献
27.
不同种植方式对超级稻籽粒灌浆特性的影响 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9
为探明不同种植方式下高产水稻的籽粒灌浆特性,以超级稻品种淮稻9号和III优98为材料,应用Richards方程W=A/(1+Be–Kt)1/N对旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种种植方式水稻强、弱势粒的灌浆过程进行了比较研究。结果表明,(1)不同种植方式下,超级稻产量差异极显著,手栽最高,机插次之,直播最低。与手栽和机插相比,直播的千粒重和结实率显著降低,而手栽和机插之间千粒重和结实率的变化因品种类型而异。(2)不同种植方式下超级稻强、弱势粒灌浆特征为明显的异步灌浆型。强势粒达到最大灌浆速率的时间(Tmax)早,最大灌浆速率(GRmax)、平均灌浆速率(GRmean)以及终极生长量(A)和起始生长势(R0)均明显大于弱势粒,而活跃灌浆期(D)和有效灌浆时间(T99)明显小于弱势粒。(3)与手栽和机插相比,直播强势粒的GRmax和GRmean显著降低,Tmax明显延迟,D、T99显著增加。弱势粒的GRmax和GRmean机插最大,手栽略小于直播,Tmax直播最早,机插次之,手栽最迟,D、T99手栽、机插、直播依次减少。(4)籽粒灌浆阶段特征方面,平均灌浆速率和贡献率均以中期最大,中期的贡献率强势粒和弱势粒分别达到60.53%和50.78%,不同种植方式间前、中、后各期在灌浆持续天数、平均灌浆速率和贡献率上的差异因粒位不同而异。(5)千粒重与强、弱势粒的GRmax、GRmean和D呈正相关,且与弱势粒的灌浆速率(GRmax和GRmean)显著相关,结实率与强、弱势粒的灌浆参数除强势粒的D外,均不显著相关。说明不同种植方式对超级稻的籽粒灌浆特性有明显影响,虽均为异步灌浆型,但其强、弱势粒的最大灌浆速率及到达最大灌浆速率的时间等灌浆特征参数均差异较大,在保持籽粒最终生长量和结实率稳定的条件下,提高籽粒的灌浆速率,特别是弱势粒的灌浆速率,对提高千粒重有重要的作用。 相似文献
28.
氮肥运筹和栽培方式对杂交籼稻II优498结实期群体光合特性的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以杂交籼稻II优498为材料, 在温江和汉源两种生态条件下, 研究了不同氮肥运筹方式对宽窄行、三角形、扩行减株稀植和抛秧4种栽培方式水稻结实期群体光合生产的影响。结果表明, 随穗肥施用比例的增加, 结实期冠层透光特性得到改善, 抽穗期茎鞘干重、高效叶面积率和有效叶面积率等群体质量指标得到提高, 抽穗后叶面积指数(LAI)和呼吸占群体光合的相对比例(CR/TCAP)有所降低, 而群体光合速率(CAP)在两地的变化趋势并不一致, 温光条件较差的温江点表现为先升后降, 而温光条件较好的汉源点则呈下降趋势。当氮肥运筹为6∶3∶1时, 宽窄行和三角形栽培有利于改善冠层透光特性和群体质量, CAP升高的同时结实中后期CR/TCAP增幅减小, 群体光合生产能力得到提高;当氮肥运筹比例为5∶2∶3时, 扩行减株稀植栽培透光性能和群体质量的增幅最大, CAP升高的同时CR/TCAP并未增加甚至有所减少, 群体光合生产能力高于其他栽培方式;当氮肥运筹比例为4∶1∶5时, 抛秧栽培在温江点有利于改善群体质量和增加光能截获, 结实中后期CAP显著提高的同时CR/TCAP降低, 群体光合生产优势明显, 但温光条件改善后此优势并无体现。因此, 提高水稻群体光合生产能力需结合当地温光条件并针对栽培方式采用适宜的氮肥管理措施。 相似文献
29.
滇I型不育系和保持系是我国粳稻杂种优势利用最主要的技术体系之一。本研究利用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统测定了79对滇I型同核异质粳稻不育系及保持系上三叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2 浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(Ls)和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)。结果表明,不育系间及保持系间的光合参数在3个叶位上都达到了极显著水平,基因型间的这种显著差异为高光效育种提供了宝贵的遗传基础。同一叶位上不育系与保持系间的光合参数具有显著的正相关。除SPAD值外,其他光合参数值在不育系与保持系间没有显著差异,但不育系的SPAD值显著大于保持系。叶绿素相对含量不是粳稻提高光合作用的限制因子;滇I型细胞质对光合作用没有负效应;利用滇I型细胞质转育的不育系的叶绿素含量很可能有所提高。基于剑叶光合参数值对保持系及不育系的聚类,不育系和保持系可分别分为高和较低光合速率的类型。本研究为滇I型不育系的高光效育种提供了理论基础,也可作为杂交粳稻高光效的理论参考。 相似文献
30.
在对籼稻缙恢10进行EMS(ethyl methane sulfonate)处理后的群体中,发现一个花器官突变体,主要表现为内稃扭曲并呈现外稃化特征,浆片数目增加且呈现稃状特征,雄蕊数目减少至1~4个,部分雄蕊的花丝呈现浆片化特征,暂将其命名为水稻颖壳扭曲突变体palea distortion 1(pd1)。遗传分析表明该突变性状受一个隐形单基因控制。利用群体分离分析法(bulked segregation analysis,BSA),将PD1基因定位在第2染色体的RM13693和RM13936之间,遗传距离分别为3.25cM和3.90cM。该研究结果为PD1基因的图位克隆奠定了基础。 相似文献