Overview and initial results of the very long baseline interferometry space observatory programme   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

H Hirabayashi  H Hirosawa  H Kobayashi  Y Murata  PG Edwards  EB Fomalont  K Fujisawa  T Ichikawa  T Kii  JEJ Lovell  GA Moellenbrock  R Okayasu  M Inoue  N Kawaguchi  S Kameno  KM Shibata  Y Asaki  T Bushimata  S Enome  S Horiuchi  T Miyaji  T Umemoto  V Migenes  K Wajima  J Nakajima  al et 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,281(5384):1825-1829

High angular resolution images of extragalactic radio sources are being made with the Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy (HALCA) satellite and ground-based radio telescopes as part of the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Space Observatory Programme (VSOP). VSOP observations at 1.6 and 5 gigahertz of the milli-arc-second-scale structure of radio quasars enable the quasar core size and the corresponding brightness temperature to be determined, and they enable the motions of jet components that are close to the core to be studied. Here, VSOP images of the gamma-ray source 1156+295, the quasar 1548+056, the ultraluminous quasar 0014+813, and the superluminal quasar 0212+735 are presented and discussed.  相似文献   

Influence of vine vigor on grape (Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Pinot Noir) anthocyanins. 1. Anthocyanin concentration and composition in fruit     

Cortell JM  Halbleib M  Gallagher AV  Righetti TL  Kennedy JA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(16):6575-6584

The relationships between grapevine (Vitis vinifera) vigor variation and resulting fruit anthocyanin accumulation and composition were investigated. The study was conducted in a commercial vineyard consisting of the same clone, rootstock, age, and vineyard management practices. The experimental design involved assigning vigor zones in two vineyard sites based upon differences in vine growth. Fruits and wines were analyzed by HPLC from designated vigor zones in 2003 and 2004. Average berry weight (grams), average dry skin weight (milligrams), degrees Brix, and pH were higher and titratable acidity (grams per liter) was lower in 2003 compared to 2004. In 2003, only the highest and lowest vigor zones had differences in berry weight, whereas there were no differences in 2004. In both years, high vigor zones had lower degrees Brix and higher titratable acidity (milligrams per liter). Accumulation of anthocyanins (milligrams per berry) was greater in 2003 compared to 2004. There was a trend for lower anthocyanin concentration (milligrams per berry) in high vigor zones in both years. In 2004 compared to 2003, there was a higher proportion of malvidin-3-O-glucoside and lower proportions of the other four anthocyanins (delphinidin-, cyanidin-, petunidin-, and peonidin-3-O-glucosides) found in Pinot Noir. In both years, site A had proportionally higher peonidin-3-O-glucoside and lower malvidin-3-O-glucoside than site B. Some of these differences may be related to the higher exposure and temperatures found in site B compared to site A and also in the low vigor zones.  相似文献   

Influence of vine vigor on grape (Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Pinot Noir) anthocyanins. 2. Anthocyanins and pigmented polymers in wine   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cortell JM  Halbleib M  Gallagher AV  Righetti TL  Kennedy JA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(16):6585-6595

The relationships between grapevine (Vitis vinifera) vigor variation and resulting wine anthocyanin concentration and composition and pigmented polymer formation were investigated. The study was conducted in a commercial vineyard consisting of the same clone, rootstock, age, and vineyard management practices. Vine vigor parameters were used to designate vigor zones within two vineyard sites (A and B) to produce research wines (2003 and 2004) and conduct a model extraction experiment (2004 only) to investigate the vine-fruit-wine continuum. Wines and model extracts were analyzed by HPLC and UV-vis spectrophotometry. For the model extractions, there were no differences between sites for pomace weight, whereas juice volume was higher for site A. This was not related to a larger berry size. Site A had a higher anthocyanin concentration (milligrams per liter) in the model extracts than site B specifically for the medium- and low-vigor zones. For anthocyanin composition in the model extraction, site B had a greater proportion of malvidin-3-O-glucoside and less of the remaining anthocyanin glucosides (delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and peonidin) compared to site A. In the wines, there was a vintage effect, with the 2003 wines having a higher anthocyanin concentration (milligrams per liter) than the 2004 wines. This appears to have been primarily due to a greater accumulation of anthocyanins in the fruit. In general, the medium-vigor zone wines had higher anthocyanin concentrations than either the high- or low-vigor zone wines. There was also vintage variation related to anthocyanin composition, with the 2003 wines having a higher proportion of delphinidin and petunidin glucosides and lower malvidin-3-O-glucoside compared to 2004. In both years, there were higher proportions of delphinidin and petunidin glucosides in wines made from low-vigor-zone fruit. Wines made from low-vigor zones showed a greater propensity to form vitisin A as well as pigmented polymers. Low-vigor-zone wines had a approximately 2-fold increase in pigmented polymer concentration (milligrams per liter) over high-vigor-zones wines. There was a strong positive relationship between pigmented polymer concentration, bisulfite bleaching resistant pigments, proanthocyanidin concentration, and color density in wines. Overall, differences found in the wines magnified variation in the fruit.  相似文献   

Slope-based and ratio-based approaches to determine fertiliser-derived N in plant tissues for established perennial plants     

Timothy L. Righetti  Dan Dalthorp  David Sandrock  Bernadine Strik  Pilar Banados  Zhong-Wei Zhou 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):641-647

Summary

Two approaches for estimating the amount of N in plant tissues derived from labelled fertiliser were evaluated. In the first, atom percentage values obtained by mass spectrometry were converted to the percentage of total N derived from the fertiliser (%NDFF). In the second, the slope of the regression line for the relationship between labelled fertiliser N and total N was used to represent the incremental increase in fertiliser N for each unit increase in total N. These two approaches were applied to data collected for a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) field trial, where the effects of N rate and plant spacing on fertiliser accumulation were evaluated. Since varying degrees of biological scaling can occur, and many perennial plant tissues have an initial biomass, regression equations for different tissues produced both positive and negative y-intercepts. Log₁₀ fertiliser N vs. log₁₀ total N plots produced slopes that did not equal 1.0 (from 0.40 to 1.65, depending on tissue). When either non-zero y-intercepts for linear regression lines, or slopes not equal to 1.0 for log-log plots occur, %NDFF is dependent on the size (total N) of the tissue or plant. Depending on the tissue evaluated, the %NDFF can be unrelated, or negatively or positively related to plant or tissue size. Furthermore, increased nitrogen application alters the relationship between %NDFF and plant size. For tissues in which %NDFF declines with increasing total N, the relationship weakens as more N is applied. For tissues in which %NDFF increases with increasing total N, the relationship strengthens as more N is applied. An analysis of the slopes and y-intercepts of labelled fertiliser N vs. total N relationships produces a different interpretation than evaluations of the %NDFF for treatment means. Significant %NDFF differences for spacing treatments, and significant spacing tissue interactions were size-related rather than having other physiological causes. Increases in %NDFF associated with increasing N rate were directly related to differences in N accumulation. Difficulties associated with evaluating the ratio-based %NDFF in established perennial plants are even more problematic than the difficulties previously reported for plant systems with little initial N content. Similar scaling issues could be important when any exogenous substance is introduced into organisms or ecosystems.  相似文献   

Efficacy of ivermectin jetting fluid against strike by some primary and secondary blowflies of sheep   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. RUGG  DR THOMPSON  PG SCOTT  LG CRAMER†  RA BARRICK† 《Australian veterinary journal》1993,70(5):180-182

SUMMARY Merino sheep, which were hand jetted with ivermectin jetting fluid, and untreated sheep were challenged with larval implants of Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Calliphora noclva and Chrysomya ruflfacles at intervals of about 2 weeks from 6 to 16 weeks after treatment. Both Lucilia species produced strike rates of about 90% in untreated sheep; the respective rates were lower for Chr rufifacies (55%) and C nociva (60%). Strike rates for the treated group were about 17, 11, and 9% for L cuprina, L sericata, and Chr rufifacies, respectively. Only 1 implant site in the treated group was struck by C nociva. Treated sheep had significantly (P < 0.01) longer time to first strike than did untreated ones for each species of fly. L sericata, Chr rufifacies, and C nociva larvae implanted on treated animals had significantly (P < 0.05) longer time to first strike than did L cuprina larvae.  相似文献   

Studies on the Intracellular Ca²⁺ Concentration of Frozen–Thawed Dog Spermatozoa: Influence of Equex from Different Sources, Two Thawing Diluents and Post-thaw Incubation in Capacitating Conditions     

AI Peña  L López-Lugilde  M Barrio  JJ Becerra  LA Quintela  PG Herradón 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2003,38(1):27-35

The addition of 0.5% (v/v) of Equex STM Paste (Nova Chemical Sales, Scituate Inc., MA, USA), whose active ingredient is sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), to a Tris–egg yolk extender was demonstrated to improve the longevity of frozen–thawed dog spermatozoa during in vitro incubation at 38°C. The aim of the first experiment was to compare the effects of two SDS‐containing compounds, Equex STM Paste and Equex Pasta (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany), when added to a Tris–egg yolk based extender, on the post‐thaw longevity of dog spermatozoa, as well as on the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of spermatozoa, during post‐thaw incubation at 38°C. The post‐thaw sperm survival and longevity, as well as the quality of the sperm movement, were significantly better when using Equex STM Paste. Such prolonged sperm longevity, however, was associated to a higher intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration in a large subpopulation of the live spermatozoa. A second experiment was aimed to evaluate the effects of sperm dilution immediately post‐thaw with a Tris buffer containing glucose or fructose. The two Tris buffers were no different for any of the sperm parameters studied. The aim of a third experiment was to evaluate the sperm longevity, motility patterns and intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of cryopreserved dog spermatozoa during post‐thaw incubation in capacitating conditions [canine capacitating medium (CCM) with or without 5 μg/ml of heparin]. Heparin had no significant effects on any of the sperm parameters evaluated. During the first 8 h of incubation, the majority of the live spermatozoa had a high intracellular Ca²⁺ content. However, after 8–10 h of incubation, it had significantly declined. The highest proportion of fast motile sperm, and the highest curvilinear velocity, average path velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement for the total motile sperm were observed during the 2–4‐h incubation period. It was concluded that: (a) the addition of 0.5% (v/v) of Equex STM Paste to a Tris–egg yolk based extender significantly improved the post‐thaw longevity of dog spermatozoa, but the same concentration of Equex Pasta had no significant beneficial effects; (b) sperm dilution after thawing with a Tris buffer containing glucose or fructose made no difference in post‐thaw sperm longevity; (c) the addition of 5 μg/ml of heparin to CCM had no significant capacitating effects on frozen–thawed dog spermatozoa.  相似文献   

Comparison of Whole Ovary Cryotreatments for Fertility Preservation          下载免费PDF全文

L Lotz  T Hauenstein  SM Nichols‐Burns  P Strissel  I Hoffmann  S Findeklee  R Dittrich  MW Beckmann  PG Oppelt 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2015,50(6):958-964

The goal of this study was to compare a traditional slow‐freeze method (TF) with an open unidirectional slow freeze cooling system (UF) for whole ovary cryopreservation. Therefore, whole pig ovaries were randomly assigned to (A) fresh control, (B) traditional slow freeze (TF) or (C) unidirectional slow freeze (UF). Ovaries were perfused with 10% DMSO in Krebs‐Ringer. For TF, whole ovaries were placed in specimen jars containing 10% DMSO and placed into a specialized container for freezing filled with propan‐2‐ol. For UF, whole ovaries were placed within a specially designed container containing 10% DMSO and transferred to a specialized freezing machine (CTE 920). Histological evaluation demonstrated intact morphology of follicles in all groups; however, an overall decrease of follicle numbers in TF (46%) and UF (50%) compared to fresh control. Live/dead assay indicated significantly lower populations of live cells in both TF (60%) and UF (58%) compared to fresh tissue (74%). TUNEL assay confirmed a difference in percentage of apoptotic follicles between fresh and TF, but there was no significant difference between fresh and UF. To improve the structural and functional integrity of whole ovaries, further investigation, especially into directional freezing, is needed. Whole ovary cryopreservation could provide opportunities for women facing fertility loss due to chemo‐ or radiotherapy treatment.  相似文献   

Biogeochemical Controls and Feedbacks on Ocean Primary Production   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

PG Falkowski  RT Barber  V Smetacek 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,281(5374):200-207

Changes in oceanic primary production, linked to changes in the network of global biogeochemical cycles, have profoundly influenced the geochemistry of Earth for over 3 billion years. In the contemporary ocean, photosynthetic carbon fixation by marine phytoplankton leads to formation of approximately 45 gigatons of organic carbon per annum, of which 16 gigatons are exported to the ocean interior. Changes in the magnitude of total and export production can strongly influence atmospheric CO2 levels (and hence climate) on geological time scales, as well as set upper bounds for sustainable fisheries harvest. The two fluxes are critically dependent on geophysical processes that determine mixed-layer depth, nutrient fluxes to and within the ocean, and food-web structure. Because the average turnover time of phytoplankton carbon in the ocean is on the order of a week or less, total and export production are extremely sensitive to external forcing and consequently are seldom in steady state. Elucidating the biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on primary production is essential to understanding how oceanic biota responded to and affected natural climatic variability in the geological past, and will respond to anthropogenically influenced changes in coming decades. One of the most crucial feedbacks results from changes in radiative forcing on the hydrological cycle, which influences the aeolian iron flux and, in turn, affects nitrogen fixation and primary production in the oceans.  相似文献   

Efficacy of ivermectin jetting fluid for the curative treatment of blowfly strikes in sheep     

DR THOMPSON  D. RUGG  PG SCOTT  LG CRAMER†  RA BARRICK† 《Australian veterinary journal》1994,71(2):42-43

SUMMARY A jetting fluid containing 7.5% w/v ivermectin, which was diluted to 0.03 mg/mL in water and applied using a standard hand jetting technique, was assessed for its efficacy in treating blowfly strikes on Merino sheep. Strikes were induced on sheep held under insectary conditions using laboratory-reared Lucilia cuprina. All struck sheep jetted at 28,48 or 72 hours after exposure to flies were successfully treated. All 1st, 2nd and early 3rd instar larvae were killed within 24 hours of treatment.  相似文献   

The efficacy of ivermectin jetting fluid for control of blowfly strike on sheep under field conditions     

DR THOMPSON  JS EAGLESON†  D. RUGG  PG SCOTT  LG CRAMER†  RA BARRICK† 《Australian veterinary journal》1994,71(2):44-46

SUMMARY Seventeen trials involving 5737 sheep were conducted to test the efficacy of ivermectin jetting fluid (30 ppm in water) for the control of blowfly strike when applied to sheep either by standard hand jetting or through an automatic jetting race. Sheep were observed for up to 14 weeks after treatment and all strikes recorded. The level of fly challenge varied between trials, resulting in strike rates in untreated sheep ranging between 0 and 94%. At 12 weeks after treatment there were 93% fewer strikes in hand jetted sheep and 84% fewer strikes in machine jetted sheep when compared with untreated sheep. At this time point there was a 90%, 86% and 93% reduction in poll, body and breech strikes, respectively, when hand jetting was used, whereas machine jetting reduced poll, body, breech and pizzle strikes by 84%, 81%, 79% and 100%, respectively.  相似文献