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961.
不同土石比的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：9
工程堆积体可在短时期内极大程度地改变原地貌地形、土壤和植被条件,使其在降雨径流作用下将发生严重土壤侵蚀,因此是生产建设项目区水土流失最为严重的地貌单元。该文采用土工试验方法及野外实地放水冲刷法研究不同物质来源和土石比的工程堆积体边坡物理性质、侵蚀动力及径流侵蚀过程。结果表明：1）2种松散工程堆积体的物质组成和入渗性能均较原土差异明显,其中黄沙壤工程堆积体以≤0.25mm颗粒为主,其颗粒变异系数为原土的1.2～2.0倍,稳定入渗率为原土1.70～4.07倍;而紫色土堆积体级配良好,颗粒变异系数是其原土的2.2倍,稳定入渗率为原土的7.02～11.59倍。2）各种工程堆积体边坡侵蚀动力学参数随放水流量变大而增加,黄沙壤工程堆积体边坡径流流速在0.155～0.318 m/s之间变化,径流剪切力变化在27.632～57.154 N/m2,土壤剥蚀率在0.337～77.071 g/(m2·s)之间;而紫色土工程堆积体边坡径流流速、剪切力和土壤剥蚀率分别在0.184～0.281 m/s,35.525～53.600 N/m2和1.445～61.910 g/(m2·s)。3）土石混合质边坡在产流9 min内存在不同程度突变或波动,在相同条件下边坡累积产流量均表现为偏土质>土石混合质,黄沙壤工程堆积体边坡累积产流量高于紫色土;而土石混合质边坡的产沙率呈连续性多峰多谷变化,边坡侵蚀沟壁土体崩塌脱落是造成产沙率波动的重要原因。该研究可为生产建设项目工程堆积体水土流失量预测和水土保持植物措施选择提供基本参数和技术支持。 相似文献
962.
坡面径流侵蚀产沙动力机制比较研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
分别利用坡面径流剪切力、坡面径流能耗和坡面径流单位水流功率理论对坡面土壤侵蚀发生过程进行了研究。研究结果表明,坡面径流平均输沙率与坡面径流平均剪切力之间均存在明显的线性关系,试验的土壤抗蚀性参数为178 5g/(Pa·min),径流临界剪切力为0 54Pa。根据径流能耗理论的计算结果表明,径流单宽输沙率和单宽径流能耗之间具有如下的线性关系式:Dr=14 61(ΔE-0 37),表明试验的土壤可蚀性参数为14 61g/J,临界单宽径流能耗为0 37J/(min·cm)。根据径流功率理论的计算结果,坡面径流功率与径流平均输沙率之间存在比较明显的线性关系,随着径流功率的增加,坡面径流输沙量明显增加,二者的线性关系为:Y=8942 2x-68 676。总体来说,3种理论在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用各有优势,其中坡面径流能耗理论相对简便并且误差较小,更利于对坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行描述。 相似文献
963.
基塘生态农业工程模式的能值研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
应用能值分析方法及最新推出的评价系统可持续发展能力的能值指标(EISD),分别对珠江三角洲地区的三水市的3种基塘生态农业工程模式进行系统层和子系统层的能值比较研究。分析评估结果为:模的可持续发展性能(EISD)最强。其EISD比模式、分别高出58.3%和29.7%;种植业子系统经济效益好,但影响环境,是模式内可持续发展性最差的子系统;畜牧业子系统生产环效果不佳,但增益环效果明显;渔业子系统经济效益好,环境影响减小,是系统内可持续发展性最强的子系统,引入翘嘴鳜的生态经济边际效益显著。研究表明,基塘模式是实现农业可持续发展的一大方向,发展应走面向市场,不断完善内部循环的道路 相似文献
964.
利用线性规划方法对黄土丘陵区农林牧用地结构进行优化模式设计,以最大收入为目标函数,在生态、社会效益需求的约束下优化用地结构,非生产用地、农地、林地和牧草地分别为13％、18％、32％和37％;并对有政府补贴的退耕还林（草）的2005年阶段进行模型选优,该阶段用地结构为18％、13％、34％和35％,按这2个优化模式运行其生态、社会和经济效益均显著增长,这对西北生态农业建设有重要指导意义。 相似文献
965.
坡面泥石流起动模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对单一坡面泥石流起动模型进行研究。基于土壤动力学理论、土壤下渗理论和土壤水动力学理论,以及土体含水率变化引起土体抗剪切应力变化的物理机理,提出了坡面泥石流起动模式。在此基础上,结合传统分布式水文模型理论,建立了分布式坡面泥石流起动模型。模型应用于云南蒋家沟典型坡面泥石流研究,能够预测坡面泥石流起动的时间、部位和起动量,进行多时段模拟坡面泥石流入沟流量过程线,模拟结果体现了泥石流发生阵发性、不连续性、滞后性的特征,这与实际观测情况吻合,表明应用该模型研究坡面泥石流的起动是可行的,能够为进一步的泥石流数值模拟提供依据。 相似文献
966.
水流驱动下不同灌草格局对泥沙分选特征的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
泥沙的颗粒大小分布体现了土壤侵蚀的基本信息,分析泥沙分选特征有助于解释坡面土壤的侵蚀过程及其作用机理。通过野外冲刷试验(流量为15,20,30L/min),以砒砂岩区灌丛位于坡上(SU)、坡中(SM)、坡下(SL)的灌草地和无灌丛草地(GL)为研究对象,裸地(BL)为对照,探讨水流驱动条件不同灌草格局泥沙分选特征及其作用机理。结果表明:(1)植被可以通过影响水动力参数来影响泥沙颗粒的分布,不同格局泥沙颗粒随冲刷时间及流量的增大呈粗化趋势,粉、砂粒是该区侵蚀泥沙的主要颗粒。(2)水流剪切力、水流功率和单位水流功率均与泥沙DV呈负相关关系,与D0、D1呈正相关关系;3种冲刷流量下,泥沙DV均值分别为2.422,2.381和2.348,不同灌草格局下DV表现为GL相似文献
967.
968.
Yucheng Wu Qinghe Zhu Jun Zeng Qingmin Ding Yi Gong Peng Xing Xiangui Lin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(7):1960-1969
Purpose
Thaumarchaeota is an ecologically relevant archaeal phylum which may significantly contribute to global nitrogen cycling. Thaumarchaeotal abundance, composition, and activity can be changed by soil pH and pollutants such as toxic metals. This study aims to examine the responses of thaumarchaeotal community to soil pH variation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution which may co-occur in agricultural soils.Materials and methods
Field soil samples were collected from agricultural land impacted by both acidification and PAH contamination. Thaumarchaeotal abundance and composition were assessed using molecular approaches targeting 16S rRNA or amoA genes and were linked to environmental factors by correlation and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). To evaluate the short-term responses of Thaumarchaeota to PAHs, additional soil microcosms amended with either three selected PAHs were established. Changes in thaumarchaeotal communities during the incubation were monitored.Results and discussion
A significant correlation between thaumarchaeotal gene abundance and soil pH was observed within field samples, with the I.1a-associated group enriched when pH <5.0. CCA suggests that the community variation was primarily related to soil pH. In contrast, the effects of PAHs were minimal. In soil microcosms, high concentrations of PAHs persisted after the 4-week incubation. Independent of the PAHs added, thaumarchaeotal amoA abundance slightly increased and the compositions were stable at the end of the incubation. This might be associated with the pollutants bioavailability and potential microbe-PAH interactions in the soil.Conclusions
Soil pH variation strongly shapes the agricultural soil thaumarchaeotal community, whereas PAH effects appear to be marginal even in the presence of high concentrations of pollutants. The complicated interaction between soil matrix, pollutants, and Thaumarchaeota requires further study.969.
Purpose
Developing routine methods that accurately predict soil nitrogen (N) mineralization is essential for fertilization recommendation; thus, chemical soil testing has received worldwide attention. However, the optimal chemical soil test for predicting soil N mineralization is region specific. This study aimed to determine suitable chemical soil tests for predicting N mineralization in paddy soils of the Dongting Lake region, China.Materials and methods
Composite surface samples (0–20 cm) of soils (n?=?30) with diverse inherent properties were collected from representative paddy fields across the region. The benchmark indices for soil N mineralization were the net mineralization rate of soil N in a 112-day anaerobic incubation under waterlogged conditions (NMRN112) and N mineralization potential (N o ) estimated using a modified double exponential model. Laboratory-based measurements of soil labile organic N (SLON) were conducted using chemical fractionation methods including 0.01 M NaHCO3 extraction, hot 2 M KCl hydrolysis, phosphate-borate (PB) buffer hydrolysis, acidic KMnO4 oxidation, and alkaline KMnO4 oxidation. These were compared with the benchmark indices to assess their suitability for use as indicators for N mineralization.Results and discussion
Acidic KMnO4-oxidative organic N (acidic KMnO4-N) and PB buffer-hydrolysable organic N (PBHYDR-N) correlated strongly with NMRN112 and N o (r?=?0.825–0.884, P?<?0.001, n?=?30). Grouping of soils based on soil texture generally provided no improvement in the relationships of chemical soil tests with NMRN112 and N o . Multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that combining acidic KMnO4-N and PBHYDR-N yielded the best prediction of soil N mineralization, explaining 86.1 and 85.5 % of the variation in NMRN112 and N o , respectively, of the 30 tested paddy soils.Conclusions
The results of acidic KMnO4-N and PBHYDR-N as indicators for soil N mineralization were promising, and the operations of acidic KMnO4 oxidation and PB buffer hydrolysis procedures are simple and cost-effective. Therefore, a combination of acidic KMnO4-N and PBHYDR-N shows promise in predicting N mineralization in paddy soils of the Dongting Lake region. However, further calibration through field studies is required and the chemical characteristics of acidic KMnO4-N and PBHYDR-N needs to be further clarified.970.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) symbionts are able to greatly affect soil fertility. However, the relationships between AM symbiosis development levels and citrus mycorrhizosphere soil fertility remain weakly known in field. In our study, AM colonization, spore density, hyphal length density, and glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP) content in citrus(Robertson naval orange grafted on Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchards along an altitudinal gradient were investigated seasonally in southern China. The results showed that AM colonization and abundances of spore and hyphae fluctuated significantly in different seasons and altitudes. The highest AM colonization(83.03%) was observed in orchards at 200 m above sea level in summer, spore density(16.8 spores g-1soil) in orchards at 400 m in autumn, and hyphal length density(2.36 m g-1soil) in orchards at 600 m orchards in summer; while the lowest values(43.60%, 2.7 spores g-1soil and 0.52 m g-1soil of AM colonization, spore density, and hyphal length density, respectively) were all observed in orchards at 800 m in winter. Correlation analyses demonstrated that the soil properties such as soil organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, and p H were significantly(P < 0.05) positively correlated with either citrus total AM colonization or the abundances of spore and hyphae. GRSP was significantly(P < 0.05) positively correlated with soil organic matter and p H.Redundancy analysis supported that soil environmental factors such as altitude, GRSP, soil organic matter, and alkali-hydrolyzable N severely(Monte Carlo permutation tests, P = 0.002) influenced AM colonization and abundances of spore and hyphae in citrus orchards. Our data demonstrated that soil environmental factors are vital in determining AM symbiosis development in citrus orchards. 相似文献