Efficacy of intra-muscular analgesics for acute pain in sheep   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. GRANT  RN UPTON†  TR KUCHEL‡ 《Australian veterinary journal》1996,73(4):129-132

The analgesic action of intramuscularly injected buprenorphine, methadone, flunixin meglumine and xylazine was examined in sheep, using algesimetry based on a leg withdrawal response to an electrical stimulus. No analgesic response was detected for buprenorphine, methadone or flunixin meglumine. Only the αaL2-adrenoceptor agonist, xylazine, produced an analgesic response. The current required to elicit a response increased by 170% (4.5±0.43 mA to 12.23±1.14 mA; mean±SE) after a dose of 0.05 mg/kg xylazine; by 180% (4.73±0.3 mA to 13.28±2.35 mA) after 0.1 mg/kg; and by 510% (4.52±0.29 mA to 27.63±3.89 mA) after 0.2 mg/kg. Intramuscular xylazine appears to be an effective analgesic agent for acute pain in the sheep and further investigation into ideal administration regimens and dosage may provide more detailed information on relationships between dose, analgesic and sedative effects. The findings also suggest that some common analgesic agents, and opioids in particular, may be ineffective for the management of acute pain in sheep and that any analgesic should be administered only on the basis of its proven efficacy in that species.  相似文献   

Multiplication of Erwinia amylovora in fruit-trees. 1. A simulation study on limitations imposed by temperature and water,weather and soil     

Henk J. Schouten 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1991,97(3):171-186

Temperature and water may limit multiplication of the fire blight causing bacteriumErwinia amylovora in shoots of fruit-trees. To gain insight into these limitation under field conditions, two simulation models were designed: a short-term model for immediate effects of weather and soil water potential, and a long-term model for effects of rain and soil profiles on the limitations imposed by temperature and water on bacterial multiplication.In the Netherlands, in the month June, if the soil is moist and the weather average, water hardly limitsE. amylovora multiplication in shoots but, according to the short-term model, temperature reduces then the multiplication by about 60^. When the soil is dry and the potential transpiration rate of the trees high, water may limitE. amylovora multiplication in shoots considerably. According to the long-term model, rain has a delayed effect on multiplication. The effect of rain was simulated for three soil profiles representing three typical fruit growing areas in the Netherlands.  相似文献   

‘Plantibodies’: a flexible approach to design resistance against pathogens     

A. Schots  J. De Boer  A. Schouten  J. Roosien  J. F. Zil Verentant  H. Pomp  L. Bouwman-Smits  H. Overmars  F. J. Gommers  B. Visser  et al. 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1992,98(Z2):183-191

Engineering resistance against various diseases and pests is hampered by the lack of suitable genes. To overcome this problem we started a research program aimed at obtaining resistance by transfecting plants with genes encoding monoclonal antibodies against pathogen specific proteins. The idea is that monoclonal antibodies will inhibit the biological activity of molecules that are essential for the pathogenesis. Potato cyst nematodes are chosen as a model and it is thought that monoclonal antibodies are able to block the function of the saliva proteins of this parasite. These proteins are, among others, responsible for the induction of multinucleate transfer cells upon which the nematode feeds. It is well documented that the ability of antibodies to bind molecules is sufficient to inactivate the function of an antigen and in view of the potential of animals to synthesize antibodies to almost any molecular structure, this strategy should be feasible for a wide range of diseases and pests.Antibodies have several desirable features with regard to protein engineering. The antibody (IgG) is a Y-shaped molecule, in which the domains forming the tips of the arms bind to antigen and those forming the stem are responsible for triggering effector functions (Fc fragments) that eliminate the antigen from the animal. Domains carrying the antigen-binding loops (Fv and Fab fragments) can be used separately from the Fc fragments without loss of affinity. The antigen-binding domains can also be endowed with new properties by fusing them to toxins or enzymes. Antibody engineering is also facilitated by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A systematic comparison of the nucleotide sequence of more than 100 antibodies revealed that not only the 3-ends, but also the 5-ends of the antibody genes are relatively conserved. We were able to design a small set of primers with restriction sites for forced cloning, which allowed the amplification of genes encoding antibodies specific for the saliva proteins ofGlobodera rostochiensis. Complete heavy and light chain genes as well as single chain Fv fragments (scFv), in which the variable parts of the light (V_L) and heavy chain (V_H) are linked by a peptide, will be transferred to potato plants. A major challenge will be to establish a correct expression of the antibody genes with regard to three dimensional folding, assembly and intracellular location.  相似文献   

Identification and management of virulence genes in potato cyst nematodes     

F. J. Gommers  J. Roosien  A. Schouten  J. M. De Boer  H. A. Overmars  L. Bouwman  R. Folkertsma  P. Van Zandvoort  M. Van Gentpelzer  A. Schots  et al. 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1992,98(Z2):157-163

Efficient and accurate diagnostic assays are essential for the design and evaluation of control measures of the potato cyst nematodesGlobodera rostochiensis andG. pallida by means of resistance. The hybridoma technology and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offer in potential various possibilities to design such diagnostic tests for routine purposes. We set out to devise a refined advisory system based on biochemical assays by using the following stepwise approach.In the early 80's a research program was started to develop an immunoassay to differentiate the two sibling species of potato cyst nematodes. Species specific monoclonal antibodies were raised against nematode proteins which are thermostable, abundant and homologous, and which enable reliable species identification using single eggs.  相似文献   

Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in Dutch poultry, pig finishing and veal herds and risk factors in Dutch veal herds     

Schouten JM  van de Giessen AW  Frankena K  De Jong MC  Graat EA 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,70(1-2):1-15

In the period October 1996 through December 2000, a total of 7163 pooled faecal samples of laying hen and broiler flocks, finishing-pig herds and veal herds were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 as part of a national monitoring programme in The Netherlands. Isolates were tested for eae and VT genes. Risk factors for Dutch veal herds were quantified. For all herd/flock types, faecal samples were cultured for E. coli O157. Of broiler flocks, laying flocks and finishing pig herds, respectively, 1.7%, 0.5% and 0.4% were E. coli O157 positive. In total, 42 of the 454 veal herds (9.3%) showed at least one positive pooled sample. E. coli O157-positive herds were compared (with logistic regression) to negative herds, regarding variables obtained from the questionnaire taken from the farm manager. To account for season, a sine function was included in the logistic regression as offset variable. In the final model, 'pink-veal production' (compared to white-veal production), 'group housing of the sampled herd' (compared to individual housing), 'more than one stable present' (compared to one stable present), 'hygienic measures regarding visitors' (compared to no hygienic measures), 'interval arrival-sampling of a herd of >20 weeks' (compared to < or =10 weeks), and 'presence of other farms within 1 km' (compared to no presence of farms <1 km) showed associations (P<0.05) with the presence of E. coli O157. These results need careful interpretation; they should be considered as indications for further (experimental or cohort-based) research rather then causal associations.  相似文献   

A longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle of a Dutch dairy farm and in the farm environment     

Schouten JM  Graat EA  Frankena K  van de Giessen AW  van der Zwaluw WK  de Jong MC 《Veterinary microbiology》2005,107(3-4):193-204

From July 1999 till November 2000, a longitudinal study was conducted on a dairy farm in The Netherlands to study within herd prevalence and types of verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) of serogroup O157 over time, and determine environmental reservoirs and possible transmission routes. Faeces, blood, milk and environmental samples were collected 14 times with intervals varying from 4 to 10 weeks during the study period. Faecal samples were selectively cultured for Escherichia coli O157. Isolates were tested by PCR for the most common virulence genes, VTI, VTII and eae, and typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. In total, 71 isolates were obtained, of which 49 from dairy cows, 8 from young stock, 5 from other animals and 9 from the environment. Positive samples were all detected in summer and early fall. VT- and eae-genes were found in all tested isolates, except in one. DNA typing showed that three clusters of O157 isolates could be identified. One of these clusters contained samples of two shedding seasons, indicating persistence on the farm during winter and spring. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that cows with O157 VTEC infection had higher daily milk production in the period preceding sampling (p = 0.0055). There was no significant association between the results of the LPS-ELISA on serum samples from dairy cows and their O157 status.  相似文献   

Effect of intrauterine administration of ceftiofur on fertility and risk of culling in postparturient cows with retained fetal membranes, twins, or both     

Scott HM  Schouten MJ  Gaiser JC  Belschner AP  Jordan ER 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,226(12):2044-2052

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of intrauterine administration of ceftiofur sodium on fertility and the risk of culling in postparturient cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM), twins, or both. DESIGN: Single-blind randomized clinical trial and prospective cohort study. ANIMALS: 2442 cows that calved from January 1, 2000, to May 31, 2001. PROCEDURE: Cows with RFM, twins, or both were randomly allocated to control or treatment (ceftiofur) groups. Ceftiofur-group cows received 1 g of ceftiofur sodium sterile powder reconstituted with 20 mL of sterile water as a single intrauterine infusion once between 14 and 20 days after parturition. Control-group cows received no treatment. Cows that calved but did not have RFM or twins were considered the referent group. Reproductive, culling, and health data were recorded. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the overall proportion of ceftiofur-group cows confirmed pregnant, compared with cows in the control group. Ceftiofur-group cows were significantly less likely to be culled and were culled at a later time in lactation than control-group cows. In the cohort study, the risk of pregnancy and the risk of being culled in ceftiofur-group cows were not significantly different from cows in the referent group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intrauterine treatment of cows with RFM, twins, or both with ceftiofur sodium increased longevity of cows in the herd as measured by the risk of culling and the time to culling. Intrauterine administration of ceftiofur in cattle is considered extralabel drug use, and the attending veterinarian must follow the AMDUCA guidelines for extralabel drug use.  相似文献   

Phenotypic and genotypic profiling of antimicrobial resistance in enteric Escherichia coli communities isolated from finisher pigs in Australia          下载免费PDF全文

MG Smith  D Jordan  JS Gibson  RN Cobbold  TA Chapman  S Abraham  DJ Trott 《Australian veterinary journal》2016,94(10):371-376

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Influence of Gonadotrophin‐Induced First Oestrus on Gilt Fertility     

DM Hidalgo  RM Friendship  L Greiner  R Manjarín  MR Amezcua  JC Domínguez  RN Kirkwood 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2014,49(6):899-902

The aim of this study was to determine the association between the oestrous response of pre‐pubertal gilts to gonadotrophin injection or boar exposure and their subsequent farrowing rate and litter size. At 154 days of age, randomly selected pre‐pubertal gilts received an intramuscular injection of 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin plus 200 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (PG600^®; Merck Animal Health; n = 181). From the remaining pool of animals not treated with hormones, the first gilts showing signs of oestrus were selected to act as controls (n = 201). Boar exposure began at 155 days of age for both groups, and gilts were bred at a weight of approximately 130 kg. Comparisons were made between PG600^®‐treated gilts exhibiting oestrus or not within 7 days post‐injection (early and late responders, respectively) and control gilts exhibiting oestrus or not within 30 days after beginning of boar exposure (select and non‐select control gilts, respectively). By 162 days, oestrus was detected in 67.5% of PG600^®‐treated gilts compared with 5.7% of control gilts (p < 0.0001). The proportion of animals observed in oestrus at least three times before breeding was greater for select control gilts compared with early and late responder PG600^®‐treated gilts (p ≤ 0.001). There were no significant differences in farrowing rate and litter size between the four treatment groups. These data indicate that PG600^® is an effective tool to induce an earlier oestrus in gilts, that subsequent farrowing rate and born alive litter size compare favourably to that of select gilts and that gilts failing to respond promptly to hormonal stimulation do not exhibit compromised fertility.  相似文献   

Effect of eCG or eCG Plus hCG on Oestrus Expression and Ovulation in Prepubertal Gilts     

R Manjarin  G Cassar  DJ Sprecher  RM Friendship  JC Dominguez  RN Kirkwood 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(3):411-413

To meet weekly breeding targets, it is occasionally necessary to inject exogenous gonadotrophins to induce oestrus in prepubertal gilts. However, the gilt oestrus response to equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) either alone or in combination with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) can be unpredictable. The objective of the present study was to examine possible reasons for this unpredictability. Prepubertal gilts (90 kg and 153 days of age, n = 109) received an injection of either 600 IU eCG or a combination of 400 IU eCG and 200 IU hCG (PG600), or were non-injected controls, and were then exposed to a mature boar for 15 min daily for 7 days for oestrus detection. At the time of injection, real-time ultrasound revealed that the gilt ovaries had primarily 1–2 mm follicles. Blood samples were obtained at time of hormone injection (day 0) and at days 3, 7 and 10 for assay of serum progesterone concentrations. The oestrus responses by 7 days were15.5%, 73.3% and 0%, for eCG, PG600, and control gilts, respectively (p < 0.001). The oestrus response improved (p < 0.05) with increasing body weight. Based on circulating progesterone levels, all oestrous gilts ovulated except for four of the PG600 gilts. Failure to express oestrus in PG600 gilts was not associated with a premature rise in progesterone.  相似文献