Evaluation of the bispectral index as an indicator of degree of central nervous system depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses     

Haga HA  Dolvik NI 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(3):438-442

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the bispectral index (BIS) can be used as an indicator of degree of CNS depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. ANIMALS: 10 Standardbred and 6 Norwegian cold-blooded trotter stallions admitted for routine castration. PROCEDURE: A 2-channel referential electrode configuration was used to record EEG for calculation of BIS by the EEG monitor. The BIS was calculated before (awake) and after (sedated) administration of detomidine (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and butorphanol (0.01 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and diazepam (0.04 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane delivered in oxygen. The BIS was calculated after 30 minutes of equilibration at an end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 1.4% (n = 8) or 1.9% (8) and recorded continuously during surgery. RESULTS: Bispectral index was significantly less in sedated and anesthetized horses, compared with awake horses. However, BIS was not significantly different between sedated and anesthetized horses. Mean BIS in horses anesthetized at 1.9% isoflurane was significantly greater, compared with horses anesthetized at an end-tidal concentration of 1.4%. Four horses in the 1.4% group moved during surgery, and BIS increased immediately prior to movement in 2 of these horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: BIS is not a precise indicator of degree of CNS depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Thus, determination of BIS may not be a useful technique for monitoring anesthetic depth in isoflurane-anesthetized horses.  相似文献   

Report on Salmonella isolates submitted to the German National Veterinary Salmonella Reference Laboratory in the year 1999     

Dorn C  Schroeter A  Helmuth R 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2002,115(7-8):252-258

The National Salmonella Reference Laboratory (NRL-Salm) of the Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine receives putative Salmonella isolates originating from animals, food, feed and the environment for typing. This report summarises the results of the sero- and phagetyping studies. In livestock S. Typhimurium DT 104 with 24% and S. Enteritidis PT 4 with 9% of all isolations predominate like in the human isolates. These sero- and phagetypes are frequently isolated from food as well and consequently can reach the consumer via the food chain.  相似文献   

Evidence for oxidative stress involved in physiological leaf spot formation in winter and spring barley     

Wu YX  von Tiedemann A 《Phytopathology》2002,92(2):145-155

ABSTRACT A leaf spot disease with unknown etiology has become more pronounced in spring and winter barley in Germany in recent years. The symptoms are similar to net blotch and Ramularia leaf spots, but the causal agents of these diseases are not identified. The symptom expression varied much on cultivars. Cultivars most affected by the disease of both spring and winter barley showed a significantly higher level of superoxide (O(2) ) production and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), but a lower level of antioxidant potential expressed as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase activity, and integral water-soluble antioxidant capacity (ACW) than insensitive cultivars. A high positive correlation between O(2) production and leaf spot development between ear emergence and milk ripeness was established in the most sensitive winter barley cv. Anoa (r(2) = 0.9622) and spring barley cv. Barke (r(2) = 0.9434). Leaf H(2)O(2) levels increased with the severity of leaf spots. The histochemical localization of O(2) and H(2)O(2) in the tissues adjacent to leaf spots indicated that these two active oxygen species (AOS) are involved in the formation of leaf spots. Reduction of symptom severity by applying strobilurin and azole fungicides was always associated with elevated SOD activity and ACW content and suppressed O(2) production. However, peroxidase activities were significantly higher in sensitive cultivars and in more severely affected tissues and decreased by applying fungicides. Thus, it is assumed that a possible genetic mechanism based on the imbalanced AOS metabolism contributes to formation of physiological leaf spots.  相似文献   

Relating plant and pathogen development to optimise fungicide control of phoma stem canker (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptosphaeria maculans</Emphasis>) on winter oilseed rape (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">napus</Emphasis>)     

Julie M. Steed  Andreas Baierl  Bruce D. L. Fitt 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(4):359-373

In winter oilseed rape experiments at Rothamsted in 2000/01 to 2002/03 growing seasons, the severity of phoma stem canker epidemics in summer depended on the timing of phoma leaf spot epidemics in the previous autumn, and hence on the timing of Leptosphaeria maculans ascospore release. The first major release of L. maculans ascospores was earlier in 2000 (26 September) and 2001 (18 September) than in 2002 (21 October). Consequently, the autumn phoma leaf spot epidemic was also earlier in 2000 and 2001 than in 2002. The resulting stem canker epidemics were severe by harvest (July) in 2001 and 2002 but not in 2003. No correlation was found between the severity or duration of phoma leaf spotting (lesion days or lesion °C-days) and the subsequent severity of phoma stem canker epidemics. Rates of leaf production and loss were similar in the three growing seasons. Out of ca. 25 leaves produced on plants during each season, leaf numbers 10–14 generally remained on plants for the longest. Treatment with flusilazole + carbendazim in autumn decreased the severity of phoma leaf spotting for several weeks after treatment, decreased the severity of stem canker the following summer and increased yield significantly in 2001 and 2002 but not in 2003. The most effective timings for flusilazole + carbendazim application were when leaves 7–11 were present on most plants and at least 10% of plants were affected by phoma leaf spot. Two half-dose applications of fungicide reduced phoma stem canker and increased yield more than a single full dose application when phoma leaf spot epidemics were early (<800 °C-days after sowing).  相似文献   

Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Peronospora parasitica</Emphasis> epidemics on radish as modelled by the effects of water vapour saturation deficit and temperature     

Andreas Kofoet  Mathias Fink 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,117(4):369-381

Epidemics of Peronospora parasitica are strongly affected by temperature and air moisture, and the interaction of these factors. Because a significant percentage of radish plants are grown in greenhouses, it may be possible to influence epidemics by altering the greenhouse climate. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that epidemics of P. parasitica can be modelled by the effects of air temperature and moisture in the greenhouse. Such a model could then be used to analyse greenhouse climate control strategies with regard to managing downy mildew. Five radish crops were grown under greenhouse conditions with set-points for heating and ventilation intended to obtain favourable conditions for disease development during the first part of the growing cycle. Subsequent to this first phase, unfavourable conditions were set until harvest. Disease incidence was measured once a week until the radishes reached marketable size. In addition, experiments were carried out in growth chambers in which inoculated plants were subjected to air temperatures between 8 and 27°C, and disease incidence and sporulation intensity were measured. Data from these two experiments were then used to estimate model parameters. In this model, the interactions of air temperature (T) and water vapour saturation deficit (SD) were adequately described by a multiplicative relationship. The simulated epidemics by the fitted model were highly correlated with the observed epidemics (r = 0.91, R ² = 0.83, n = 29). Parameter estimates indicated that T of ca. 20°C and SD < 0.03 hPa resulted in the highest rates of disease development and that the rate was zero when SD > 2.0 hPa. Both experimental data and simulations showed that epidemics of P. parasitica can be effectively controlled by managing the greenhouse climate.  相似文献   

Cisapride Stimulates Contraction of Idiopathic Megacolonic Smooth Muscle in Cats     

Andreas H. Hasler  Robert J. Washabau 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1997,11(6):313-318

We have previously shown that cisapride, a substituted piperidinyl benzamide, stimulates contraction of healthy feline colonic smooth muscle. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of cisapride on feline idiopathic megacolonic smooth muscle function. Longitudinal smooth muscle strips from ascending and descending colon were obtained from cats with idiopathic megacolon, suspended in a 1.5 mM Ca²⁺-HEPES buffer solution (37°C, 100% O₂, pH 7.4), attached to isometric force transducers, and stretched to optimal muscle length (L₀). Control responses were obtained at each muscle site with acetylcholine (10–⁸ to 10 ⁴ M), substance P (10–¹¹ to 10^-7 M), or potassium chloride (10 to 80 mM). Muscles were then stimulated with cumulative (10–⁹ to 10–⁶ M) doses of cisapride in the absence or presence of tetrodotoxin (10–⁶ M) and atropine (10–⁶ M), or in a 0 calcium HEPES buffer solution. In cats with idiopathic megacolon, cisapride stimulated contractions of longitudinal smooth muscle from both the ascending and the descending colon. Cisapride-induced contractions were similar in magnitude to those induced by substance P and acetylcholine in the ascending colon, but were less than those observed in the descending colon. Cisapride-induced contractions in megacolonic smooth muscle were only partially inhibited by tetrodotoxin and atropine, but were virtually abolished by removal of extracellular calcium. We concluded that cisapride-induced contractions of feline megacolonic smooth muscle are largely smooth muscle mediated and dependent on influx of extracellular calcium. Cisapride-induced contractions in megacolonic smooth muscle are only partially dependent on enteric cholinergic nerves. Thus, cisapride may be useful in the treatment of cats with idiopathic megacolon.  相似文献   

2 + 2] photocycloadditions in the synthesis of chiral molecules     

S L Schreiber 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,227(4689):857-863

A strategy for the synthesis of chiral molecules that receives growing popularity among organic chemists employs the photochemically mediated [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. These reactions can be performed on a multigram scale and often proceed with high yield and with stereocontrol. These features, in combination with the useful properties of the four-membered ring photoproducts in subsequent chemical transformations, make them attractive options in the early stage of a synthesis design. Various combinations of unsaturated functional groups can participate in this reaction process. Accordingly, these chemical reactions can be economical solutions to problems relating to the synthesis of a variety of target molecules.  相似文献   

Über die Wirkung von Maisgärfutter auf Milchertrag und Milchqualität1     

K. Scharrer  R. Schreiber 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》1943,6(1):55-64

• 1 Es wurden Fütterungsversuche mit einer niedrigen (10 kg) und einer höheren (20 kg) Gabe von Maisgärfutter zu Milchkühen durchgeführt.
• 2 Die Fütterungsversuche wurden als Periodenversuche wie folgt durchgeführt: 1. Grundfutterversuch — Fütterungsversuch mit 10 kg Maisgärfutter —, 2. Grundfutterversuch. Es folgte 2. Grundfutterversuch — Fütterungsversuch mit 20 kg Maisgärfutter —, 3. Grundfutterversuch.
• 3 Jeder der 5 Versuche dauerte 28 Tage. Ein Versuch umfaßte die 14tägige Vorperiode und die 14tägige Hauptperiode. Die Milchmenge und der Fettgehalt wurden täglich während der ganzen Versuchsdauer ermittelt; zur Auswertung gelangte jedoch nur die Hauptperiode.
• 4 Die niedrige (10 kg) Gabe an Maisgärfutter wirkte erhohend auf die Milchmenge, beeinflußte jedoch den Fettgehalt der Milch nicht.
• 5 Die höhere (20 kg) Gabe von Maisgärfutter verdoppelte die Milchmenge der 10 kg Gabe, zeigte jedoch ebenfalls keinen Einfluß auf den Fettgehalt.
• 6 Das Maisgärfutter erhöht somit eindeutig die Milchmenge bei gleichbleibendem Fettgehalt der Milch.

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High stability of nuclear microsatellite loci during the early stages of somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce     

Helmersson A  von Arnold S  Burg K  Bozhkov PV 《Tree physiology》2004,24(10):1181-1186

Somatic embryos of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) differentiate from proembryogenic masses (PEMs), which are subject to autodestruction through programmed cell death. In PEMs, somatic embryo formation and activation of programmed cell death are interrelated processes. We sought to determine if activation of programmed cell death in PEMs is caused by genetic aberrations during somatic embryogenesis. Based on the finding that withdrawal of auxin and cytokinin induces programmed cell death in PEMs, 1-week-old cell suspensions were cultured in medium either with or without auxin and cytokinin and then transferred to maturation medium containing abscisic acid. We analyzed the stability of three nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) microsatellite markers at successive stages of somatic embryogenesis in two cell lines. There were no mutations at the SSR loci at any of the successive developmental stages from PEMs to cotyledonary embryos, irrespective of whether or not the proliferation medium in which cell suspensions had been cultured contained auxin or cytokinin. The morphologies of plants regenerated from the cultures were similar, although withdrawal of auxin and cytokinin significantly stimulated the yield of both embryos and plants. We conclude, therefore, that the high genetic stability of somatic embryos in Norway spruce is unaffected by the induction of programmed cell death caused by withdrawal of auxin and cytokinin.  相似文献   

Lignicole Pilze an Schwarz-Erle )Alnus glutinosa [L.] Gaertn.) — welche Arten sind bedeutsame Fäuleerreger?     

Jörg Schumacher  Paul Heydeck  Andreas Roloff 《European Journal of Forest Research》2001,120(1-6):8-17

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