世界食用松资源及其开发利用现状     

张鹏  刘畅  沈海龙 《世界林业研究》2017,30(1):12-17

松树一般指松科松属树种,具有多种功能,其中一项重要功能就是为人类提供食用种子。但全世界100多个松树树种并非均能提供适合于食用的松籽,能够提供适合于人类食用种子的松树统称为食用松。文中对世界范围内食用松的食用价值、主要种类、分布、利用状况等进行了简要概述,并对红松、西伯利亚红松、意大利石松等几种重要食用松的研究开发现状进行了总结分析,以期为我国食用松开发利用提供参考。  相似文献   

杨梅果蝇种群发生动态监测与综合防治技术研究     

王华弟  沈颖  汪恩国  黄茜斌  徐志宏 《农学学报》2017,7(6):6-14

为了探明杨梅果蝇种群发生动态与综合防控技术,2003—2015 年在浙江省临海市和黄岩区对杨梅果蝇发生规律、监测预报与综合防治进行了系统调查研究。结果表明：杨梅果蝇种群数量在6 月中下旬和7 月中旬出现2 次高峰期,杨梅挂果期危害重;东魁杨梅栽培、果园复杂环境、冬季气温偏高和天敌控制能力下降是该虫种群数量上升的主要原因,制定了预测预报方法,建立了发生危害预测模型,平均预测准确率为93.3%。罗帐杨梅栽培技术防阻果蝇效果显著,有虫果率与对照相比降低了93.61%~96.25%;60 g/L 乙基多杀菌素2000 倍液,在杨梅采前45、30、20 天喷施,虫口减少率为92.94%~95.72%,果实危害下降率为91.56%~95.78%,且降解速度快,已取得农业部农药登记。集成了一套杨梅果蝇防控对策和以监测预警预报为基础,物理阻隔、农业防治和药剂防治相互协调、有机配套的绿色防控技术,有效控制杨梅果蝇的发生危害。  相似文献   

Experimental Study of Tidal Effects on Coastal Groundwater and Pollutant Migration     

Shuguang Liu  An Tao  Chaomeng Dai  Bo Tan  Hui Shen  Guihui Zhong  Sha Lou  S. Chalov  R. Chalov 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(4):163

The problem of current urban groundwater pollution is very serious, which has influenced social development and people’s daily life. Around the land-sea interface, tide obviously changes nearshore the groundwater flow regime and makes the pollutant migration process become more complex. In the present study, the effect of tide-induced groundwater table fluctuations and on the pollutants migration in beach aquifers is investigated by constructing a two-dimensional sand trough physical experimental model. The model considered brackish-water density differences and the tide by controlling experimental medium properties and boundary conditions. The results showed that the groundwater table fluctuation cycle is the same as the tidal cycle and the fluctuation lag time increases linearly with the increase of the offshore distance. Tidal fluctuation flattens brackish-freshwater interface, widens the dispersion zone, and generates the upper saline and the freshwater belt. Time lag corresponding relationships between saline water and tidal fluctuation was observed. With the pollutant approaching the saline water area, the profile of the pollutant migration is gradually developed into a spindle shape until the strip shape, and the pollutant enters the saline water body along the curved edge of the upper part of the saline water. The transverse dispersion of pollutants is larger than the longitudinal dispersion in a tidal cycle and its outline presents a strip shape development. No mixing or exchange between the pollutants and the saline water body happened during the whole process. This study can provide scientific references for nearshore groundwater pollution prevention and control in the future.  相似文献   

猪粪堆肥挥发性有机物的产生规律与影响因素   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

沈玉君  孟海波  张朋月  赵立欣  周海宾  侯月卿 《农业工程学报》2017,33(5):211-216

堆肥是畜禽粪便处理及资源化利用的有效途径,然而堆肥过程中极易产生挥发性有机物(VOCs,volatile organic compounds),引发恶臭问题,并对人体健康带来危害。该研究以猪粪和秸秆为原料,通过堆肥试验,研究了含水率、碳氮比和通风速率等工艺参数对猪粪堆肥过程中主要VOCs产生的影响。研究结果表明:堆肥过程中TVOCs的最高体积分数可达2 000×10~(-6)以上,主要在堆肥升温期产生。二甲二硫、二甲三硫是主要的致臭VOCs,其中,影响二甲二硫排放的主要因素为物料初始含水率,影响二甲三硫排放的主要因素为通风速率。极差及方差分析结果表明,堆肥过程中采用含水率65%,碳氮比30,通风速率0.1 m~3/(min·m~3)可以有效控制VOCs的排放。  相似文献   

黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝泥沙沉积特征   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

李勉  杨二  李平  鲍宏喆  李莉  申震洲  焦鹏 《农业工程学报》2017,33(3):161-167

了解淤地坝泥沙沉积特征是坝地泥沙输移过程及规律研究的基础和前提。该文通过对黄土丘陵区小流域淤地坝不同位置泥沙沉积剖面中各沉积旋回层厚度及粒径组成变化的分析,研究了淤地坝次洪水沉积过程中泥沙的再分布特征。结果表明:坝地内次洪水泥沙沉积过程为非均匀分布,各沉积旋回层厚度在纵剖面和横剖面都存在一定差异,早期沉积层厚度的起伏变化要大于后期的起伏变化。坝地泥沙粒径组成以粉粒为主,黏粒、粉粒和沙粒的平均含量分别为4.66%、58.78%和36.56%。坝地泥沙沉积过程中,各旋回层中黏粒、粉粒和沙粒的平均含量变化较小,但在坝地不同位置,土壤粒径组成发生了一定程度的分选。从坝尾到坝前,土壤质地粗化度显著下降,土壤粒径组成呈逐步细化的趋势。  相似文献   

Responses of soil nitrous oxide production and abundances and composition of associated microbial communities to nitrogen and water amendment     

Qing?Wang  Yu-Rong?LiuEmail author  Cui-Jing?Zhang  Li-Mei?Zhang  Li-Li?Han  Ju-Pei?Shen  Ji-Zheng?He 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2017,53(6):601-611

Soil moisture and nitrogen (N) are two important factors influencing N₂O emissions and the growth of microorganisms. Here, we carried out a microcosm experiment to evaluate effects of soil moisture level and N fertilizer type on N₂O emissions and abundances and composition of associated microbial communities in the two typical arable soils. The abundances and community composition of functional microbes involved in nitrification and denitrification were determined via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and terminal restriction length fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP), respectively. Results showed that N₂O production was higher at 90% water-filled pore (WFPS) than at 50% WFPS. The N₂O emissions in the two soils amended with ammonium were higher than those amended with nitrate, especially at relatively high moisture level. In both soils, increased soil moisture stimulated the growth of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite reducer (nirK). Ammonium fertilizer treatment increased the population size of AOB and nirK genes in the alluvial soil, while reduced the abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and denitrifiers (nirK and nosZ) in the red soil. Nitrate addition had a negative effect on AOA abundance in the red soil. Total N₂O emissions were positively correlated to AOB abundance, but not to other functional genes in the two soils. Changed soil moisture significantly affected AOA rather than AOB community composition in both soils. The way and extent of N fertilizers impacted on nitrifier and denitrifier community composition varied with N form and soil type. These results indicate that N₂O emissions and the succession of nitrifying and denitrifying communities are selectively affected by soil moisture and N fertilizer form in the two contrasting types of soil.  相似文献   

Root physiological traits and cold hardiness of alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue     

Xiaohui Shen  Peng Feng  Cheng Jiang  Rulai Li  Hua Zhang 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(3):235-244

Cold hardiness is important for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in northeast China. We investigated overwintering for three alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue. During the overwinter stage of the year from October 2013 to April 2014, five physiological and biochemical indexes and overwintering rate were investigated under natural conditions. The results showed that no matter either singly sowed or mix-sowed plants, physiological traits such as soluble sugar, soluble protein, and free proline of the alfalfa roots increased as the temperature decreased at the end of autumn, and decreased when the air temperature increased in the spring. The malondialdehyde content and peroxidase activity of all the treatments showed the trend of up–down–up during the whole overwintering stage. Investigation of the overwintering rate and using the membership function method combined with correlation analyses revealed that the order of the cold resistance of the selected alfalfa cultivars was as follows: Gongnong1?+?meadow fescue?>?Gongnong1?>?Wega7F?+?meadow fescue?>?Wega7F?>?WL319HQ?+?meadow fescue?>?WL319HQ. These results indicated that the cold resistance of alfalfa mix-sowed with the meadow fescue was higher than that of alfalfa that was singly sown.  相似文献   

叶顶间隙大小对螺旋离心泵内部压力脉动的影响   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

张华  陈斌  王炳祺  史长彪  沈登武 《农业工程学报》2017,33(1):84-89

叶顶间隙大小是影响半开式螺旋离心泵内外特性的重要因素之一,为充分探究叶顶间隙大小对其内外特性的影响程度及作用机理,该文以一台比转速237的单叶片螺旋离心泵为研究对象,通过设计叶顶间隙专用调节机构,分别调整叶顶间隙大小至0.3、0.5和0.8 mm,与叶轮外径的比值分别为0.13%、0.22%和0.35%。针对3种叶顶间隙大小情况,同时进行外特性试验和压力脉动试验研究。压力脉动的监测点包括叶轮进口边、叶轮中部、蜗壳第三断面和蜗壳隔舌附近。结果表明叶顶间隙大小与叶轮平均直径的比值应介于0.13%~0.22%之间。同时,结合压力脉动试验获得的实测压力波形图、压力系数波形图及频域图,分析了单叶片螺旋离心泵内部压力脉动的规律,为半开式螺旋离心泵的减振降噪提供参考和借鉴。  相似文献   

基于不同数理统计方法的河南省ET0气候影响因素分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋妮  申孝军  陈智芳  王景雷  刘祖贵 《农业工程学报》2017,33(23):145-156

确定影响ET_0年际变化的主要气象因子是准确估算未来作物需水的基础,对于农业生产科学应对气候变化具有重要意义。以河南省17个站点为例,分别采用国内外常用的5种数理统计方法评价7个气象要素对参考作物蒸散量(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET_0)年际变化的影响程度,结果发现:日照和风速是影响河南省地区参考作物蒸散量的主要因子,黄河以北地区主要为风速,黄河以南地区以日照为主,信阳、西峡两地高温作用不容忽视。5种方法评判结果差异较大,采用灰色关联分析法,利用不同的数据变换方式,其结果大相径庭,认为其不适宜用于评价影响ET_0变化主要因子的判定;结合各站气象要素年际变化趋势分析认为,逐步回归分析法得出的结论与各站点气象要素及ET_0实际变化趋势存在多处悖理,不适宜用于评价影响ET_0变化主要因子的判定;相关分析、偏相关分析、主导分析方法结果较为统一,差异较小,认为采用3种方法综合判定某地区影响ET_0的主要因子,其结果较为可信。其中,采用主导分析法对各气象因子的影响排序与各因子对ET_0的影响趋势以及ET_0实际变化趋势较为一致,建议用于评价影响ET_0变化的气象因子排序,但因其无法得到各因子与ET_0的相关关系,需借助相关分析与偏相关分析才能得到详实可信的结果。  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics of valnemulin after intravenous,intramuscular, and oral administration in layer chickens          下载免费PDF全文

F. Sun  R. Fan  J. Wang  L. Xiong  J. Shen  S. Zhang  X. Cao 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2017,40(4):415-418

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of valnemulin in layer chickens were studied after single intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight. Plasma samples at certain time points were collected and the drug concentrations in them by ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS). The concentration–time data for each individual were plotted by noncompartmental analysis for the whole three routes. Following intravenous administration, the plasma concentration showed tiny fluctuation. The elimination half‐life (), total body clearance (Cl), and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) were 1.85 ± 0.43 h, 2.2 ± 0.9 L/h, and 7.52 ± 2.46 μg·h/mL, respectively. Following intramuscular administration, the peak concentration (C_max, 1.40 ± 0.43 μg/mL) was achieved at the time of 0.34 h. A multiple‐peak phenomenon existed after oral administration, and the first peak and secondary peak were at 10 min and during 2–4 h, respectively, while the tertiary peak appeared during 5–15 h. The bioavailability (F %) for intramuscular and oral administration was 68.60% and 52.64%, respectively. In present study, the detailed pharmacokinetic profiles showed that this drug is widely distributed and rapidly eliminated, however has a low bioavailability, indicating that valnemulin is likely to be a favorable choice in the clinical practice.  相似文献