Effect of Fractionation of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (DDGS) on Pelleting Characteristics of Broiler Diets     

Radhakrishnan Srinivasan  Alejandro Corzo  Kim B. Koch  Michael T. Kidd 《Cereal Chemistry》2009,86(4):393-397

Recently, the Elusieve process, a combination of elutriation (air classification) and sieving (screening) was developed to separate fiber from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to increase DDGS utilization in nonruminant (poultry and swine) diets. Elusieve process produces three products: 1) Pan DDGS, with 5% higher protein content than conventional DDGS, which would be used at higher inclusion levels in broiler diets because of low fiber content; 2) Big DDGS, with nearly the same protein content as conventional DDGS, which would be used at same inclusion levels as conventional DDGS; and 3) Fiber product. The objective of this study was to determine and compare pellet‐mill throughput, power consumption, and pellet quality for broiler diets incorporating different levels (0, 10, and 20%) of conventional DDGS and DDGS products from Elusieve process. Poultry oil contents were lower (1.5–1.6%) in diets comprising Pan DDGS and diets without DDGS than in the other diets (2.2–3.1%). The feed throughput was not affected by inclusion levels or type of DDGS. Pellet quality (pellet durability index [PDI]) for diets comprising Pan DDGS (both 10 and 20% inclusion levels) was significantly better than PDI for diets comprising conventional DDGS, Big DDGS, and the diet without DDGS. Better pellet quality of diets comprising Pan DDGS could be due to lower quantity of poultry oil used as well as compositional characteristics such as low fiber and high protein. Diets with Big DDGS had similar pelleting characteristics to those with conventional DDGS. Pellet quality deteriorated at higher inclusion levels of conventional DDGS, Big DDGS, and Enhanced DDGS. Considering that Pan DDGS would be included at higher inclusion levels in broiler diets, superior pellet quality of diets comprising Pan DDGS is beneficial.  相似文献   

Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> isolated from wilted rocket plants in Italy     

Krishnamoorthy Srinivasan  Davide Spadaro  Anna Poli  Giovanna Gilardi  Maria Lodovica Gullino  Angelo Garibaldi 《Phytoparasitica》2012,40(2):157-170

Thirty-six isolates of Fusarium oxysporum originated from Eruca vesicaria and Diplotaxis tenuifolia together with eight reference strains belonging to the formae speciales raphani, matthioli and conglutinans, typical on the Brassicaceae family, were tested for pathogenicity on two species of rocket plants (E. vesicaria L., syn. E. sativa, cv. ‘Rucola coltivata’; and D. tenuifolia cv. ‘Winter’) cultivated in the glasshouse. The results showed that different isolates were slightly, moderately or highly virulent. The strains were examined for differences in the nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer (IGS) region, about 2.5 kb long. The phylogenetic (neighbor-joining) analysis performed on the isolates enabled identification of four different groups, named I, II, III and IV. Thirty-one isolates out of 36 clustered in group I and were genetically similar to F. oxysporum f.sp. raphani. By considering the pathogenicity of the strains included in Group I, a partial host specialization could be observed: the average disease index of the isolates from D. tenuifolia was higher on wild rocket, whereas the average disease index of the isolates from E. vesicaria was higher on cultivated rocket. Moreover, isolates from cultivated rocket showed, on average, a higher degree of aggressiveness than the isolates from wild rocket. Concerning Group I, the sequence analysis confirmed the homogeneity of the population, with only five parsimony-informative SNPs and five haplotypes. Twenty-six out of 31 isolates belonged to haplotype 1. Groups II and III were genetically similar to strains of F. oxysporum f.sp. matthioli. Three other strains, not pathogenic or with a medium level of virulence, clustered together in Group 4, but their sequence was distant from that of other formae speciales. The pathogenicity and IGS analysis confirmed the presence of virulence variation and genetic diversity among the F. oxysporum isolates studied. To our knowledge, this is the first report of differentiation of formae speciales of F. oxysporum on rocket plants by IGS analysis.  相似文献   

Clinical protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following vaccination with extinction payloads of O1 Manisa Foot-and-Mouth Disease monovalent vaccine and challenge in goats and comparison with sheep     

Madhanmohan M  Nagendrakumar SB  Kumar R  Anilkumar J  Manikumar K  Yuvaraj S  Srinivasan VA 《Research in veterinary science》2012,93(2):1050-1059

Small ruminants play an important role in the epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). Small ruminants are vaccinated with one-half or one-third of cattle dose of oil-based or aqueous vaccines respectively. The extinction antigen payload in vaccine for protection in small ruminants is poorly studied. FMD seronegative Nellore sheep (n=30) and Osmanabadi goats (n=30) were vaccinated with different payloads of O(1) Manisa vaccine (0.45-5 μg). Vaccinated and sero-negative unvaccinated sheep (n=6) and goats (n=6) were challenged intradermally into the coronary band with O(1) Manisa virus. The sheep and goats were monitored for signs of FMD and samples were collected for measuring viraemia and virus associated with nasal swabs and probang samples. Clotted blood was collected for serology. Vaccines containing antigen payload up to 0.94 μg protected sheep and goats against challenge. Sheep and goats vaccinated with 0.45 μg antigen payload were poorly protected against challenge. An antigen payload of 0.94 μg was sufficient to offer complete protection and also absence of carrier status. Sheep and goats with no vaccination or with poor sero conversion to vaccination showed sub-clinical infection and became carriers. The results of the study suggest that vaccination offers protection from clinical disease even at a low payload of 0.94 μg and hence one-half of cattle dose of the oil-based vaccine formulations is sufficient to induce protective immune response in sheep and goats. Since no live virus could be isolated after 5 days post challenge from the nasal swab or probang samples even though viral RNA was detected, the risk of these animals transmitting disease was probably very low.  相似文献   

Comparative sequence analysis of poxvirus A32 gene encoded ATPase protein and carboxyl terminal heterogeneity of Indian orf viruses     

Yogisharadhya R  Bhanuprakash V  Venkatesan G  Balamurugan V  Pandey AB  Shivachandra SB 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,156(1-2):72-80

Thirteen orf virus (ORFV) isolates from natural outbreaks in sheep and goats belonging to different geographical regions of India were analysed on the basis of ORF108 (a homologue of poxviral A32 gene), which is known to encode for ATPase and involved in virion DNA packaging. Comparative sequence analysis of ATPase proteins revealed highly conserved N-terminal region with five different motifs [Walker A, Walker B, A32L specific motifs (III and IV) and a novel AYDG (motif-V)] among all poxviruses and divergent carboxyl terminus with either single or double RGD sequences among all Indian ORFV isolates. A homology model and secondary structure predictions of N-terminal region of ORFV A32 revealed that most of the poxviruses including ORFV ATPase protein belong to a distinct clade of the HerA/FtsK super family of DNA packaging proteins. Despite differences in host cell specificity and poxvirus infections among animals, DNA packaging motor domain of poxviruses presumed to share remarkable similarities as indicated by the presence of conserved ATPase motifs in the present investigation. The study also indicated the circulation of heterogeneous strains of ORFV in India and possibilities of differentiation of ORFV strains based on C-terminal heterogeneity.  相似文献   

Honeybee navigation: nature and calibration of the "odometer"     

Srinivasan MV  Zhang S  Altwein M  Tautz J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,287(5454):851-853

There are two theories about how honeybees estimate the distance to food sources. One theory proposes that distance flown is estimated in terms of energy consumption. The other suggests that the cue is visual, and is derived from the extent to which the image of the world has moved on the eye during the trip. Here the two theories are tested by observing dances of bees that have flown through a short, narrow tunnel to collect a food reward. The results show that the honeybee's "odometer" is visually driven. They also provide a calibration of the dance and the odometer in visual terms.  相似文献   

Noble Gases in the Murchison Meteorite: Possible Relics of s-Process Nucleosynthesis     

Srinivasan B  Anders E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,201(4350):51-56

The Murchison carbonaceous chondrite contains a new type of xenon component, enriched by up to 50 percent in five of the nine stable xenon isotopes, mass numbers 128 to 132. This component, comprising 5 x 10(-5) of the total xenon in the meteorite, is released at 1200 degrees to 1600 degrees C from a severely etched mineral fraction, and probably resides in some refractory mineral. Krypton shows a similar but smaller enrichment in the isotopes 80 and 82. Neon and helium released in the same interval also are quite anomalous, being highly enriched in the isotopes 22 and 3. These patterns are strongly suggestive of three nuclear processes believed to take place in red giants: the s process (neutron capture on a slow time scale), helium burning, and hydrogen shell burning. If this interpretation is correct, then primitive meteorites contain yet another kind of alien, presolar material: dust grains ejected from red giants.  相似文献   

Stem and leaf rust resistance in wild relatives of wheat with D genome (Aegilops spp.)     

V. K. Vikas  M. Sivasamy  J. Kumar  P. Jayaprakash  Sundeep Kumar  R. Parimalan  Arun Kumar  Kalyani Srinivasan  J. Radhamani  Sherry Rachel Jacob  Mamata Yadav  Jyotisna Rani  I. S. Bisht  D. C. Bhandari  Sunil Archak  M. Dutta  R. K. Tyagi  K. C. Bansal 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2014,61(4):861-874

Resistance to stem rust and leaf rust in five D genome species of wheat viz., 267 accessions of Aegilops tauschii Coss., 39 of Ae. cylindrica Host, 17 of Ae. ventricosa Tausch, 4 of Ae. crassa Boiss. and 8 of Ae. juvenalis (Thell.) Eig were evaluated at adult plant stage. Two hundred and thirty nine (90 %) accessions of Ae. tauschii, 30 (77 %) of Ae. cylindrica, 16 (94 %) of Ae. ventricosa, 3 (75 %) of Ae. crassa Boiss. and 5 (62.5 %) of Ae. juvenalis were resistant to stem rust pathotypes prevalent in South India at Wellington under field condition. Invariably, all the accessions of the five species were resistant to leaf rust pathotypes. Quantitative measurement of disease using area under the disease progress curve revealed the slow progress of disease in the resistant accessions compared to susceptible check (Agra Local). Since all the five species have D genome, it could be concluded that the genes present in D genome might play a vital role in leaf rust resistance, but in case of stem rust resistance wide range of differential response was noticed. Among the species evaluated, Ae. tauschii was exploited to a larger extent, followed by Ae. ventricosa and Ae. cylindrica for leaf and stem rust resistance because of the homology of D genome with hexaploid bread wheat. While, Ae. crassa and Ae. juvenalis could not be utilized so far, possibly due to partial homology which makes the transfer of traits difficult. So, these species have considerable potential as a source of rust resistance and may enhance the existing gene pool of resistance to stem and leaf rusts.  相似文献   

Characterization of commercial and experimental sodium caseinates by multiangle laser light scattering and size-exclusion chromatography     

Lucey JA  Srinivasan M  Singh H  Munro PA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(5):1610-1616

A range of sodium caseinate samples were characterized by a multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) system or by the use of MALLS as an on-line detector with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Sodium caseinate solutions, analyzed using a MALLS system alone, gave weight-average molar mass (M(w)) values in the range 1200-4700 kDa and z-average root-mean-square radius (R(g)) values ranged from approximately 50 to 120 nm. When these solutions were ultracentrifuged at 90000g for 1 h, a cloudy top layer was formed; the subnatant was carefully removed and analyzed by SEC-MALLS. The M(w) values were found to be in the range approximately 30-575 kDa, and R(g) values ranged from approximately 22 to 49 nm. During SEC, the MALLS system detected some very large-sized material that eluted close to the void volume; this material was hardly detected by the concentration detectors, i.e., ultra-violet (UV) and differential refractive index (DRI). The intensity of the light scattering (LS) signal from this very large sized material was greatly reduced in the subnatant. SEC of sodium caseinate samples revealed two main peaks with M(w) of approximately 420-750 kDa and 39-69 kDa, respectively. The R(g) values were very large for a protein molecule, and initial calculations suggested that the shape of caseinate molecules was likely to be highly elongated.  相似文献   

Influence of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) on the Speciation of Aluminum during Water Treatment     

Srinivasan  P. T.  Viraraghavan  T. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2004,152(1-4):35-54

Natural organic matter (NOM) is a term collectively used to describe the complex matrix of organic material present in natural waters. The impact of NOM on the speciation of aluminum at Buffalo Pound water treatment plant was evaluated in the present study using fulvic acid. The first stage of the study was to conduct aluminum (Al) speciation experiments (using background dissolved organic carbon levels present in the raw water) at the pilot scale water treatment plant located within the main plant changing the aluminum sulfate (alum) dose from 68 mg L^-1 (yearly average dose of the main plant) to 34 mg L^-1. The second stage of the study was to conduct jar tests at various alum/DOC ratios. Pilot scale speciation study showed that when the alum/DOC ratio was 5.3, most of the total aluminum in the filtered water was in the form of particulate aluminum. Such an increased particulate aluminum level did not increase the finished water turbidity. Soluble organic aluminum also increased compared to the level in raw water when the alum/DOC ratio was 5.3. Al speciation study conducted during jar testing showed that organically bound aluminum increased from 8 μg L^-1 (raw water) to 15 μg L^-1 in the finishedwater when the alum/DOC = 1.37. Jar test results also showed that an alum/DOC of at least 7.3 should be maintained in the main plant in order to meet the proposed operating guidelines of 100 μg L^-1 of total aluminum by Health Canada given the conditions that finished water soluble aluminum levels may be in the range of 35–40 μg L^-1.  相似文献   

Dynamics of competitive adsorption of alphas-casein and beta-casein at planar triolein-water interface: evidence for incompatibility of mixing in the interfacial film     

Damodaran S  Sengupta T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(6):1658-1665

Competitive adsorption of alpha(s)-casein and beta-casein from a bulk solution mixture to the triolein-water interface has been studied. Although the binding affinity of alpha(s)-casein to the triolein-water interface was lower than that of beta-casein in single-component systems, in a 1:1 mixture of alpha(s)-casein and beta-casein in the bulk solution the ratio of interfacial concentrations of alpha(s)-casein to beta-casein at equilibrium was about 2:1, indicating that alpha(s)-casein was preferentially adsorbed to the triolein-water interface. Furthermore, the equilibrium composition of alpha(s)-casein and beta-casein in the interfacial film at various bulk concentration ratios did not follow a simple Langmuir adsorption model. This deviation from ideal behavior was mainly due to thermodynamic incompatibility of mixing of these caseins in the interfacial region. The value of the incompatibility parameter, X(12), for these caseins at the triolein-water interface was much greater than that at the air-water interface. Displacement experiments showed that while alpha(s)-casein could dynamically displace beta-casein when the latter was in an unsaturated monolayer state at the interface, it could not do so when beta-casein was in a saturated monolayer film state. It is hypothesized that, because of thermodynamic incompatibility of mixing, the alpha(s)-casein and beta-casein mixed film at the oil-water interface may undergo two-dimensional phase separation.  相似文献