Factors influencing pre-race serum concentration of total carbon dioxide in Thoroughbred horses racing in California     

Cohen ND  Stanley SD  Arthur RM  Wang N 《Equine veterinary journal》2006,38(6):543-548

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Many racing jurisdictions monitor pre-race serum concentration of total carbon dioxide (TCO2) among racing horses. To our knowledge, factors influencing concentration of TCO2 among horses participating in racing have not been systematically evaluated and reported. OBJECTIVES: To determine if characteristics of horses and racing conditions routinely recorded were significantly associated with pre-race concentration of TCO2, while accounting for and estimating effects of trainer and horse. METHODS: Pre-race serum TCO2 concentrations from 5028 starts made by 2,349 horses trained by 287 trainers at 2 racetracks in California during 2005 were examined. Data regarding characteristics of starters and race conditions obtained from a commercial database were recorded for each start. Data were analysed using mixed-effects, with TCO2 concentration as the dependent variable, and trainer and horse nested within trainer as random effects. RESULTS: Sex, class and distance of race, frusemide administration and cloudy weather conditions were significantly (P<0.001) associated with pre-race TCO2 concentration. Horses that finished in the top 3 positions had values that were slightly (0.2 mmol/) but significantly (P<0.001) greater than horses not finishing in the top 3. There were significant effects of trainer on pre-race TCO2 concentration. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of factors may influence pre-race TCO2 concentration in horses. Horses with better performance tend to have higher pre-race TCO2 concentrations. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: TCO2 concentration is associated with improved performance although the magnitude of effect was quite small. Regulatory programmes based on monitoring should consider the influence of other factors on TCO2 concentration.  相似文献   

Complications and outcomes of one-step low-profile gastrostomy devices for long-term enteral feeding in dogs and cats     

Campbell SJ  Marks SL  Yoshimoto SK  Riel DL  Fascetti AJ 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2006,42(3):197-206

Sixteen dogs and cats with a variety of primary diseases were retrospectively evaluated following endoscopic placement of a one-step low-profile gastrostomy device. Overall, the devices were well tolerated, with most complications being minor in nature. Complications included bloody or purulent peristomal discharge, peristomal swelling, peristomal inflammation, discomfort associated with the device, leaking through the device, chewing at the device, premature removal of the device, peritonitis, and aspiration pneumonia. Dogs survived for up to 2241 days, and cats survived for up to 593 days after initial device placement. The median survival time after device insertion for dogs was 89 days, and for cats it was 87 days.  相似文献   

Mucoperiosteal flap for extraction of multiple teeth in the maxillary quadrant of the cat     

Blazejewski S  Lewis JR  Reiter AM 《Journal of veterinary dentistry》2006,23(3):200-205

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An assessment of inter-rater agreement of the literature filtering process in the development of evidence-based dietary guidelines     

Cooper M  Ungar W  Zlotkin S 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(4):494-500

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the literature filtering process, a vital initial component of a systematic literature review, could be successfully completed by nutrition professionals or non-professionals. DESIGN: Using a diet-disease relationship as the guideline topic, inter-rater agreement for the title and abstract filtering processes between and among professionals and non-professionals was assessed and compared with an expert reference standard. Predetermined eligibility criteria were applied by all raters to 185 titles and 90 abstracts. Filtering decisions were initially made independently and then revised after a within-pair consensus meeting. SUBJECTS: The raters were six dietitians (RD) and six nutrition graduate students (Grad). To assess inter-rater agreement (reliability), each group was divided into three pairs. RESULTS: Weighted and unweighted kappa statistics and percentage agreement were calculated to determine the inter-rater agreement within pairs. Sensitivity and specificity estimates were determined by comparing responses with those of an expert reference standard. Overall, Grad pairs demonstrated greater inter-rater agreement than RD pairs for title filtering (P<0.05); no differences were observed for abstract filtering. Compared with the expert reference standard, every rater and pair had false-negative responses for both title and abstract filtering. CONCLUSIONS: After consensus meetings, both RDs and Grads were comparable in their agreement on title and abstract filtering, although important differences remained compared with the expert reference standard. This study provides preliminary findings on the value of utilising a non-expert pair in developing guidelines, and suggests that the literature filtering process is complex and quite subjective.  相似文献   

Is the decline of birds and amphibians in a steppe lake of northern Patagonia a consequence of limnological changes following fish introduction?     

Silvia Ortubay  Víctor Cussac  Miguel Battini  Juan Barriga  Juana Aigo  Marcelo Alonso  Patricio Macchi  Mariana Reissig  Joy Yoshioka  Stanley Fox 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2006,16(1):93-105

• 1. Laguna Blanca, in Laguna Blanca National Park, is a lake in Patagonia which has been designated as a Ramsar site since 1971 because of bird diversity and abundance and importance for nesting, particularly for the black neck swan, Cygnus melanocoryphus. It is also valued for its populations of endemic amphibians, Atelognathus patagonicus and Atelognathus praebasalticus.
• 2. Avian and amphibian populations have decreased dramatically in recent years. Percichthys colhuapiensis, Percichthys trucha (Pisces, Percichthyidae), Salmo trutta and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Pisces, Salmonidae) were introduced into Laguna Blanca in 1965. Since 1986, no Atelognathus frogs have been found. The abundance of swans and coots, which are strongly associated with macrophytes for nesting and feeding, has diminished drastically, whereas piscivorous birds have increased.
• 3. The fishless condition of some neighbouring small lakes with abundant pond weeds, aquatic birds and endemic amphibians, was assessed in order to compare the physical and chemical characteristics and the quantitative composition of the benthos among lakes. Fish presence at Laguna Blanca and its absence at El Burro, Antiñir and Jabón lakes, were confirmed. Compared with previous results, it seems that the abundance of Amphipoda (Hyalella), Copepoda and Cladocera at Laguna Blanca has decreased, while Acari has increased and Notostraca has disappeared. Water transparency has diminished in Laguna Blanca and now is lower than that of fishless lakes.
• 4. P. colhuapiensis were captured only in Laguna Blanca, with the highest captures in the littoral zone. The population shows rapid individual growth in the early years and an absence of fish older than 6 years. The preponderance of benthos and the presence of macrophytes in the gut contents of adult P. colhuapiensis appear to indicate that they are important consumers of these resources.
• 5. This paper concludes that fish introduction in Laguna Blanca led to a complex trophic cascade effect (fish predation on tadpoles, fish competition for avian food, bottom disturbance, zooplankton reduction) producing deleterious effects on the amphibian and bird populations.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Public health and biosecurity. Adaptations of avian flu virus are a cause for concern     

Berns KI  Casadevall A  Cohen ML  Ehrlich SA  Enquist LW  Fitch JP  Franz DR  Fraser-Liggett CM  Grant CM  Imperiale MJ  Kanabrocki J  Keim PS  Lemon SM  Levy SB  Lumpkin JR  Miller JF  Murch R  Nance ME  Osterholm MT  Relman DA  Roth JA  Vidaver AK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6069):660-661

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Changes in heart rate, heart rate variability, and atrioventricular block during withholding of food in Thoroughbreds     

Ohmura H  Boscan PL  Solano AM  Stanley SD  Jones JH 《American journal of veterinary research》2012,73(4):508-514

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Surgical management of a subepiglottic thyroglossal duct cyst in a dog     

McCally RE  Kim SE  Bacon NJ  Winter MD  Cords AA  Conway JA 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2012,48(3):198-202

A 2 yr old dog presented for dysphagia and coughing secondary to a 4 cm × 4 cm turgid subepiglottic mass. Cervical radiographs, an esophagram, and computed tomography confirmed the presence of a cystic mass that was not intimately associated with any surrounding structures. An incisional biopsy confirmed the cystic nature of the mass and helped to rule out a malignancy. A marginal surgical excision was performed via a ventral approach. Histopathology of the mass was consistent with a thyroglossal duct cyst. This is the first report of a thyroglossal duct cyst in this location in a dog. There was no recurrence of clinical signs 14 mo after surgery.  相似文献   

The effects of yohimbine on the pharmacokinetic parameters of detomidine in the horse     

Knych HK  Steffey EP  Stanley SD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2012,39(3):221-229

ObjectiveTo describe the pharmacokinetics of detomidine and yohimbine when administered in combination.Study designRandomized crossover design.AnimalsNine healthy adult horses aged 9 ± 4 years and weighing of 561 ± 56 kg.MethodsThree dose regimens were employed in the current study. 1) 0.03 mg kg^?1 detomidine IV (D), 2) 0.2 mg kg^?1 yohimbine IV (Y) and 3) 0.03 mg kg^?1 detomidine IV followed 15 minutes later by 0.2 mg kg^?1 yohimbine IV (DY). Each horse received all three dose regimens with a minimum of 1 week in between subsequent regimens. Blood samples were obtained and plasma analyzed for detomidine and yohimbine concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using both non-compartmental and compartmental analysis.ResultsThe maximum measured detomidine concentrations were 76.0 and 129.9 ng mL^?1 for the D and DY treatments, respectively. Systemic clearance and volume of distribution of detomidine were not significantly different for either treatment. There was a significant increase in the maximum measured yohimbine plasma concentrations from Y (173.9 ng mL^?1) to DY (289.8 ng mL^?1). Both the Cl and V_d for yohimbine were significantly less (6.8 mL minute^?1 kg^?1 (Cl) and 1.7 L kg^?1 (V_d)) for the DY as compared to the Y treatments (13.9 mL minute^?1 kg^?1 (Cl) and 2.7 L kg^?1 (V_d)). Plasma concentrations were below the limit of quantitation (0.05 and 0.5 ng mL^?1) by 18 hours for both detomidine and yohimbine.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe Cl and V_d of yohimbine were affected by prior administration of detomidine. The elimination half life of yohimbine remained unaffected when administered subsequent to detomidine. However, the increased plasma concentrations in the presence of detomidine has the potential to cause untoward effects and therefore further studies to assess the physiologic effects of this combination of drugs are warranted.  相似文献   

Effects of the haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier Hemoglobin glutamer-200 (bovine) on intestinal perfusion and oxygenation in a canine hypovolaemia model     

B  Driessen  JS Jahr†  F Lurie†  SM Griffey†  RA Gunther† 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2001,28(4):204-205

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